Likelihood ratios for pneumonia of various respiratory symptoms and physical signs
| SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | POSITIVE LIKELIHOOD RATIO | NEGATIVE LIKELIHOOD RATIO |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory symptoms | ||
| • Cough | 1.8 | 0.3 |
| • Dyspnea | 1.4 | 0.7 |
| • Sputum produced | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| Other symptoms | ||
| • Fever | 2.1 | 0.7 |
| • Chills | 1.7 | 0.8 |
| • Myalgia | 1.3 | 0.6 |
| • Sore throat | 0.8 | 1.6 |
| • Runny nose | 0.8 | 2.4 |
| Medical history | ||
| • Asthma | 0.1 | 3.8 |
| • Immunosuppression | 2.2 | 0.9 |
| • Dementia | 3.4 | 0.9 |
| Vital signs | ||
| • Tachypnea > 25 breaths/min | 3.4 | 0.8 |
| • Temperature > 37.8°C | 4.4 | 0.7 |
| Chest signs | ||
| • Dull percussion | 4.3 | 0.8 |
| • Decreased sounds | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| • Crackles | 2.7 | 0.8 |
| • Bronchial sounds | 3.5 | 0.9 |
| • Egophony | 8.6 | 1.0 |
Data from Metlay et al.10