Conditions associated with increased risk of CD
| CONDITION | CD PREVALENCE, % | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
| Dermatitis herpetiformis* | 69.0–89.0 | Hopper et al3 |
| First-degree relatives of individuals with known CD | 4.0–12.0 | Dubé et al7 |
| Iron deficiency anemia | 2.3–8.7 | Dubé et al7 |
| Unexplained infertility | 2.1–4.1 | Dubé et al7 |
| Unexplained elevation of transaminase levels | 1.5–9.0 | Dubé et al7 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 1–11 | Dubé et al7 |
| Autoimmune liver disease | 0.0–6.4 | Dubé et al7 |
| Autoimmune thyroiditis | 1.5–6.7 | Dubé et al7 |
| Addison disease | 1.2–11.0 | Betterle et al,60,61 Myhre et al62 |
| Ataxia of unknown cause | 1.9–16.0 | Bushara63 |
| Down syndrome | 3.0–12.0 | Dubé et al7 |
| Turner syndrome | 2.0–10.0 | Dubé et al7 |
| Idiopathic recurrent aphthous ulcers | 5.0 | Jokinen et al64 |
| Alopecia areata | 1.0–2.0 | Corazza et al,65 Fessatou et al66 |
| Low bone mineral density | 0.0–3.4 | Discussed in the text |
CD—celiac disease.
↵* Patients with this condition should undergo duodenal biopsy irrespective of whether serologic testing for CD is performed.