| Predisclosure preparation |
Develop a rapport and explore knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions Develop insight into patient and family needs Respect autonomy: ensure meaningful involvement of the PWD by asking questions such as “What do you think caused the change in your memory and thinking?” or “What do you suspect the results of our testing might show?” Help develop insight: explore discrepancies in knowledge and reduce gaps in understanding Titrate information: consider background, level of knowledge, cognitive ability, and emotional readiness
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| Meeting information needs |
Maximize comprehension using careful wording, “talk-back” approach, and written information Provide comprehensive information including diagnosis, areas of uncertainty, expectations and treatment options, and community resources Follow up after disclosure to review information provided, clarify goals and expectations, and reinforce linkages with community services
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| Meeting emotional needs |
Explore emotional reactions
-There might be a range of emotional responses to diagnosis -The PWD might have difficulty processing information and expressing emotions right away -Pay attention to cues and reflect back to the patient: “I imagine this is difficult news” or “You seem to be quite shocked by the news.” Silence is a common reaction to the shock of hearing the diagnosis
Respond to emotions in an empathic manner Foster a sense of hope and meaning Be positive, but avoid the temptation to minimize seriousness
-Tell the PWD that many aspects of “self” and brain function are preserved until later stages -Encourage a proactive response to diagnosis and timely future planning but reassure the PWD that decline is rarely rapid and there is time to adapt to the illness -Reaffirm your commitment to ongoing care
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