Reviews and Feature ArticlesViral infections in atopic dermatitis: Pathogenic aspects and clinical management
Section snippets
Molluscum contagiosum: EM
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus and the sole member of the Molluscipoxvirus subfamily. It is highly distinct from variola, vaccinia, and cowpox viruses, which belong to the Orthopoxvirinae genus. Virus particles are brick shaped with round corners and contain a large, double-stranded DNA genome of 130 to 300 kb. The key feature of the diverse poxviruses is replication in the cytoplasm mediated by distinct enzymes not present in other DNA viruses. The poxviruses are brick shaped
Orthopoxvirus infection: EV
Variola virus, which causes smallpox; vaccinia virus, which is used for vaccination; and cowpox virus all belong to the Orthopoxvirinae genus and share many clinical similarities.
Outlook
The number of immunocompromised individuals has clearly increased in the past 3 decades because of HIV/AIDS, more extensive use of immunosuppressive therapy, and an apparent increase in AD.65 Consequently, the number of patients with EH, EV, and EM is likely to increase. Unfortunately, only a few studies with larger numbers of patients give hints on epidemiologic data.
At present, EH is the clinically most important disseminated cutaneous viral infection in patients with AD. EM is less
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Gerd Plewig, FRCP, for critical reading of the manuscript.
References (67)
- et al.
Atopic dermatitis
Lancet
(2003) - et al.
Smallpox vaccination: risk considerations for patients with atopic dermatitis
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2002) - et al.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: a new cutaneous dendritic cell subset with distinct role in inflammatory skin diseases
J Invest Dermatol
(2002) - et al.
Direct detection of Molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical specimens by in situ hybridization using biotinylated probe
Mol Cell Probes
(1992) - et al.
Cowpox virus infection in an 11-year-old-girl
J Am Acad Dermatol
(2000) - et al.
Fatal cowpox-like virus infection transmitted by cat
Lancet
(1990) - et al.
Combating high-priority biological agents: what to do with drug-allergic patients and those for whom vaccination is contraindicated?
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003) Innate immune activation as a broad spectrum biodefense strategyprospects and research challenges
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(2003)- et al.
Kaposi's varicelliform eruption in cutaneous T cell lymphoma
J Am Acad Dermatol
(1989) - et al.
Increasing incidence of eczema herpeticum: analysis of seventy-five cases
J Am Acad Dermatol
(1988)
Predisposing factors and clinical features of eczema herpeticuma retrospective analysis of 100 cases
J Am Acad Dermatol
Increase of dendritic cells of type 2 (DC2) by altered response to IL-4 in atopic patients
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Biology and clinical relevance of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Placebo-controlled trial of vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 for immunotherapy of genital herpes
Lancet
Reduction of recurrent HSV disease using imiquimod alone or combined with a glycoprotein vaccine
Vaccine
Atopic dermatitis: from the genes to skin lesions
Allergy
Genome sequence of a human tumorigenic poxvirus: prediction of specific host response-evasion genes
Science
Molluscum contagiosum virus interleukin-18 (IL-18) binding protein is secreted as a full-length form that binds cell surface glycosaminoglycans through the C-terminal tail and a furin-cleaved form with only the IL-18 binding domain
J Virol
Lack of host cellular immune response in eruptive molluscum contagiosum
Am J Dermatopathol
Eruptive molluscum contagiosum in atopic dermatitis
CMAJ
Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males with an analog of imiquimod 1% in cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study
J Dermatol
Cowpox infection causing a generalized eruption in a patient with atopic dermatitis
Br J Dermatol
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara undergoes limited replication in human cells and lacks several immunomodulatory proteins: implications for use as a human vaccine
J Gen Virol
Eczema vaccinatum
BMJ
Risk of smallpox vaccination complications in the United States
Am J Epidemiol
Viral infections
Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccine: the Israel Defense Force experience, 1991 to 1996
A comparison with previous surveys. Mil Med
Smallpox and bioterrorism
N Engl J Med
Studies on smallpox and complications of smallpox vaccination
Pediatrics
The case for voluntary smallpox vaccination
N Engl J Med
Natural history, management and complications of herpes labialis
J Med Virol.
Cited by (244)
Diagnostic Methods and Management Strategies of Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster Infections
2024, Clinics in Geriatric MedicineEczema monkeypoxicum: Report of monkeypox transmission in a patient with atopic dermatitis
2022, JAAD Case ReportsCitation Excerpt :Close contact with respiratory droplets, monkeypox lesion material, and diseased animals are currently known mechanisms of transmission.1 Atopic dermatitis (AD) compromises the skin barrier, occasionally leading to superimposed infection.3 Several known viral examples include eczema herpeticum (EH), eczema coxsackium, and eczema vaccinatum.3
The Environmental Microbiome, Allergic Disease, and Asthma
2022, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In PracticeCitation Excerpt :Whereas infection with Molluscum contagiosum virus is often benign in young children, children with AD are both more prone to infection and experience disease flares when infected.130 Geographic differences in microbial exposures are highlighted by Cowpox infections causing AD exacerbations in Europe, a virus that does not typically exist outside of Europe and Asia.130,131 In addition, bacterial skin and soft tissue infections, most often from Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, are both more likely and more severe in AD, contributing significantly to AD morbidity.129
How far is vitamin D implicated in cutaneous infections
2022, Clinics in DermatologyCombined Immunodeficiencies With Syndromic Features
2022, Encyclopedia of Infection and ImmunityCOVID-19 Symptoms Are Attenuated in Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis Patients Treated with Dupilumab
2022, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice