An ounce of prevention

Symptom-relief approach

With proliferation of walk-in clinics in some jurisdictions and increasing use of emergency departments for non-urgent problems, many people now expect to consume medical services in much the same way they consume fast food: quick service, short encounters, good value, and immediate satisfaction. In an age of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising, many patients think about instant gratification and immediate relief rather than long-term health and wellness. They can achieve considerable satisfaction from going to a doctor, walking out with a piece of paper, taking a medication, and feeling better. Effective medication provides rapid relief of symptoms, which makes patients happy and furnishes positive feedback for doctors. Prescriptions are quick and easy to dispense and require no prolonged investigation into causes of affliction, but a scan of recent epidemiologic data reveals some disquieting information.

Among both adults and children, rising rates of iatrogenic illness have become increasingly evident3,4; medical errors and adverse drug reactions currently account for alarming rates of morbidity and mortality.5,6 With the perception that some medical treatments are contributing to the burden of illness, complementary and alternative health services have received unprecedented attention. The meteoric rise in consumption of homeopathic, naturopathic, herbal, and other nonpharmaceutical therapies reflects increasing dissatisfaction with the outcome of some medical interventions.

Epidemiologic data also confirm that symptom-relief medicine might facilitate camouflage responses. The word symptom may be defined as “warning sign”—by quickly relieving symptoms with powerful therapies, the underlying origins might remain unchecked, allowing disease processes to insidiously persist, with potentially disastrous long-term outcomes. The latent sequelae of failing to address the etiology of various health problems are becoming increasingly evident.

Contemporary medicine is witnessing the juxtaposition of increased life expectancy and reduced mortality from acute illness alongside staggering rates of chronic degenerative affliction and disability among both the young and the old.1,2 The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released an important document entitled Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment,1 that expounds on the global pandemic of chronic affliction, as chronic disease now accounts for an estimated 72% of the global burden of illness in adults 30 years old and older.7 Recent American figures reveal that, in the pediatric domain, about 3% of children were born with major congenital anomalies,8 about 17% of children have experienced developmental disorders,9 the incidence of childhood cancer increased by 27.1% between 1975 and 2002,10 and an unprecedented 1 in 12 children lived with a mental or physical disability.11 Among adults, chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, arthritic ailments, mental health disorders, and rapidly escalating levels of cancer,12 are dominating medical practice. With escalating costs, more sick people, a pandemic of prescription-related illnesses,13 and limited resources, a thrust toward incorporation of preventive health programs should be considered.

Preventive medicine

Contemporary medical education and clinical practice allocate consistent attention to relief of suffering, providing ongoing care for the infirm, sustaining life, and attending to the needs of dying patients—the health professions prepare for illness with resources, diligence, and creativity. Prevention of illness and promotion of health maintenance, however, are often not pressing priorities.

Much illness originates in alterable lifestyle factors; the way individuals choose to live often determines the way they die and their health and well-being along the way. Escalating pediatric malignancy and neurologic illness from prenatal exposure to toxicants,14,15 pervasive cardiovascular and respiratory disease related to chosen habits,16 exploding rates of diabetes subsequent to sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary behaviour, and major congenital anomalies consequent to maternal nutritional deficiencies17 and exposures18 demonstrate that health is often a matter of decision making, not a fluke of nature or predetermined genomic destiny. With high rates of preventable illness, many health care advocates are demanding intervention-by-prevention and health promotion in such areas as lifestyle, environment, and nutrition, so that, as well as dealing with illness, physicians will need to become skilled at facilitating optimal health. There are substantial challenges, however, with increased focus on preventive health care, as it is questionable whether people in our contemporary culture can be maneuvered into healthy lifestyles.

While suffering patients might be motivated toward action to feel better, people who are not suffering might not. Many consider health and illness to be entirely independent of behaviour and, regardless of unhealthy practices, perceive that health can be purchased in a medicine bottle. The far-distant benefits of health education are commonly not a priority in a culture where dietary and lifestyle recommendations are looked upon as primitive therapy and where success is celebrated by a nonevent. Even among afflicted patients, health promotion through lifestyle intervention can be a difficult sell. Because the rewards of good habits are often intangible in the short-term and because the effects of unhealthy behaviour do not subside immediately, there is often no instantaneous relief.

For physicians, it can be awkward to challenge apparently healthy individuals with undesired intrusions into their lives, especially when assistance is not requested. Patients cannot usually be enticed to revolutionize their modes of living when they see no need for such revolution. Health providers are frustrated because patients are often not compliant with lifestyle interventions, in-depth education is labour- and time-intensive, and patients expecting magic bullets might question the proficiency of doctors who dispense pharmaceuticals cautiously. Therapeutic action by prescription provides hope of rapid resolution and is rewarded with gratitude; a lack of pharmaceutical intercession might be met with disappointment and dissatisfaction with the caregiver.

Recognition of the urgent need for health promotion and preventive medicine as necessary elements in a sustainable health care system, however, does not represent an epiphany; such admonitions have been expressed before. Although common sense and extensive research behoove the medical establishment and governments to promote interventions and health policies designed to supplant injurious circumstances with salubrious ones, current educational and economic policies fail to provide a milieu conducive to implementing such initiatives. Most clinical research (predominantly funded by industry) focuses on lucrative maintenance therapies rather than preventions and cures,19 most medical education focuses on sickness rather than health, most medical journals publish articles about disease management rather than about strategies to promote health and wellness,20 and most publicly funded health care systems reimburse physicians to treat disease, not to prevent it. In fact, many remuneration schemes do not consider preventive medicine to be medically required and therefore exclude funding—thus penalizing doctors who take time and expend effort to educate patients about strategies to avoid illness.

Primary care and prevention of illness: quo vadis?

In response to the fast-food approach to infirmity, various national and international bodies are calling for education and policy interventions aimed at promoting health and preventing illness.21 The recently approved international diet and lifestyle program announced by the WHO22 and myriad campaigns relating to injury prevention are milestones on this path. Many other initiatives might assist practitioners with integrating prevention into their delivery of individual and public health care.

Annual checkups provide an opportunity to educate parents about health matters pertaining to children. Some practitioners proactively educate by authoring articles on health maintenance for community publications, while others lecture at schools, at conferences, and in public forums. An innovative program entitled “Do Bugs Need Drugs?” was instituted in one Canadian jurisdiction to prevent antibiotic overuse—by educating elementary schoolchildren, antibiotic consumption declined almost immediately. Some physicians are using human exposure assessment tools from the Ontario College of Family Physicians23 or WHO environmental health modules to diminish patient risk from disease-causing toxicants. Securing adequate intake of basic nutrients, such as vitamin D and -3 fatty acids, has been shown to prevent myriad health problems. Preconception care can prevent congenital affliction, and many physicians have begun using allied health professionals, such as nutritionists, to proactively educate patients with various health concerns. Public policy input is also possible—by attenuating risk factors for disease and facilitating conditions for health through legislation, such as seat-belt regulation, asbestos restriction, and trans-fat elimination, much illness can be averted.

Within the many dimensions of health care provision and public education, a concerted focus on health promotion is urgently required. In order to move preventive medicine from the realm of academic discourse into the sphere of routine medical practice, however, pronounced efforts in medical education, physician remuneration, and public policy are essential.