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Tables
- Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population
Mean age of all respondents was 54.4 years (standard deviation [SD] 11.8), of men was 53.86 years (SD 13.1), and of women was 55.7 years (SD 10.4) (P = .362). Some percentages do not add to 100 owing to missing data.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES OVERALL (N = 275) % (N) MEN (N = 132) % (N) WOMEN (N = 143) % (N) P VALUE Marital status .007 • Single, widowed, or divorced 44.7 (123) 36.4 (48) 52.4 (75) • Married or common-law 55.3 (152) 63.6 (84) 47.6 (68) Living arrangements .178 • Alone 23.3 (64) 19.7 (26) 26.6 (38) • With partner, children, family members, or friends 76.7 (211) 80.3 (106) 73.4 (105) Country of birth • North America 59.1 (162) 53.4 (70) 64.3 (92) • Europe 18.6 (51) 19.8 (26) 17.5 (25) • Asia 13.1 (36) 19.1 (25) 7.7 (11) • South America 6.6 (18) 3.8 (5) 9.1 (13) • Africa 2.6 (7) 3.8 (5) 1.4 (2) Education .169 • Some high school or less 42.9 (118) 38.6 (51) 46.9 (67) • Some college, university, or more 57.1 (157) 61.4 (81) 53.1 (76) Employment status .225 • Full- or part-time 48.7 (134) 53.8 (71) 44.1 (63) • Unemployed 20.0 (55) 16.7 (22) 23.1 (33) • Retired 31.3 (86) 29.5 (39) 32.9 (47) Household income ($) .133 • < 39 000 46.2 (72) 37.5 (27) 53.6 (45) • 40 000–79 000 31.4 (49) 36.1 (26) 27.4 (23) • > 80 000 22.4 (35) 26.4 (19) 19.0 (16) - Table 2 Psychosocial characteristics of the study population
Some percentages do not add to 100 owing to missing data.
A) PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES (POSSIBLE RANGE OF VALUES) OVERALL (N = 275) MEAN (SD) MEN (N = 132) MEAN (SD) WOMEN (N = 143) MEAN (SD) P VALUE Self-efficacy in self-management (1–5) 4.00 (0.6) 4.01 (0.62) 3.99 (0.7) .744 Expectations of self-management (1–10) 9.69 (0.6) 9.61 (0.6) 9.77 (0.5) .017 Self-efficacy in overcoming barriers to using services (1–10) 8.21 (1.9) 8.16 (1.9) 8.26 (1.8) .666 Self-efficacy in discussing management issues (1–10) 9.25 (1.1) 9.26 (0.9) 9.24 (1.2) .902 Expectations of the benefits of using services (1–10) 8.52 (1.4) 8.38 (1.4) 8.65 (1.5) .125 Intention to self-manage as recommended (1–9) 8.39 (0.8) 8.33 (0.9) 8.44 (0.8) .3 Depressive symptoms (0–63) 9.38 (9.6) 8.00 (9.3) 10.68 (9.8) .022 Overall support for diabetes (1–5) 4.41 (0.6) 4.42 (0.6) 4.40 (0.6) .705 • Family support for diabetes (1–5) 4.34 (0.6) 4.37 (0.6) 4.31 (0.6) .424 • Professional health care team support for diabetes (1–5) 4.72 (0.5) 4.65 (0.6) 4.79 (0.5) .031 Intention to use diabetes education centre after first visit (1–9) 8.28 (1.1) 8.21 (1.1) 8.34 (1.0) .312 Intention to use resources outside the diabetes education centre (1–9) 7.68 (2.0) 7.69 (2.0) 7.67 (2.0) .91 B) PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES OVERALL (N = 275) % (N) MEN (N = 132) % (N) WOMEN (N = 143) % (N) P VALUE Depressive symptoms • Minimal symptoms 76.5 (205) 83.1 (108) 70.3 (97) .025 • Mild symptoms 10.4 (28) 9.2 (12) 11.6 (16) • Moderate symptoms 13.1 (35) 7.7 (10) 18.1 (25) Had general social support 78.58 (21.5) 78.33 (21.8) 78.81 (21.3) .854 Had emotional and informational support 79.00 (21.95) 77.98 (22.7) 79.96 (21.3) .46 Had tangible support 72.95 (26.6) 75.03 (25.8) 71.04 (27.2) .215 Had affectionate support 80.54 (24.4) 81.17 (23.7) 79.96 (25.0) .682 Had interaction support 79.70 (24.1) 79.52 (24.9) 79.88 (23.3) .902 Use of diabetes education centre • Totally satisfied with services 87.93 (14.6) 86.87 (15.0) 88.91 (14.2) .247 • Totally satisfied with patient-provider communication 86.92 (12.8) 85.72 (13.9) 88.05 (11.6) .136 • Totally satisfied with feeling enabled 77.25 (25.8) 75.88 (25.6) 78.52 (26.1) .399 Had access to patient services 62.22 (18.9) 60.55 (18.4) 63.73 (19.3) .167 Had continual access to services 77.2 (22.2) 75.0 (23.9) 79.2 (20.4) .12 -
SD—standard deviation.
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- Table 3 Self-care activities of the study population
Some percentages do not add to 100 owing to missing data.
A) SELF-CARE ACTIVITIES OVERALL (N = 275) % (N) MEN (N = 132) % (N) WOMEN (N = 143) % (N) P VALUE Advised to test blood sugars .534 • Yes 81.5 (221) 83.1 (108) 80.1 (113) • No 18.5 (50) 16.9 (22) 19.9 (28) B) SELF-CARE ACTIVITIES OVERALL (N = 275) MEAN (SD) MEN (N = 132) MEAN (SD) WOMEN (N = 143) MEAN (SD) P VALUE No. of days following diet (out of 7 ) 4.39 (1.3) 4.36 (1.4) 4.41 (1.2) .718 No. of days exercising (out of 7) 2.26 (1.8) 2.27 (1.8) 2.26 (1.8) .976 No. of days doing foot care (out of 7) 3.73 (2.9) 3.39 (2.9) 4.05 (2.9) .065 No. of days testing blood sugar* (out of 7) 4.72 (2.6) 4.48 (2.7) 4.94 (2.6) .211 -
SD—standard deviation.
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↵*Patients who either did not test their blood sugars or were not advised to do so were removed from this item.
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- Table 4 Disease-related variables of the study population
Some percentages do not add to 100 owing to missing data.
A) DISEASE-RELATED VARIABLES OVERALL (N = 275) MEAN (SD) MEN (N = 132) MEAN (SD) WOMEN (N = 143) MEAN (SD) P VALUE Months living with diabetes* 4.00 (3.00–58.50) 5.00 (3.00–60.50) 4.00 (2.50–55.50) .916 Total number of symptoms 1.41 (0.8) 1.33 (0.8) 1.50 (0.9) .135 Total number of diabetes-related health conditions 3.63 (2.6) 3.93 (2.9) 3.35 (2.4) .07 Had knowledge about diabetes (possible score 1–24) 16.19 (4.1) 15.97 (4.2) 16.39 (3.9) .392 B) DISEASE-RELATED VARIABLES OVERALL (N = 275) % (N) MEN (N = 132) % (N) WOMEN (N = 143) % (N) P VALUE Management of diabetes .354 • Using diet only 32.0 (88) 28.8 (38) 35.0 (50) • Using oral agents 60.0 (165) 64.4 (85) 55.9 (80) • Using insulin 8.0 (22) 6.8 (9) 9.1 (13) Family history of diabetes .003 • Yes 71.6 (189) 61.9 (78) 80.4 (111) • No 23.1 (61) 30.2 (38) 16.7 (23) • Don’t know 5.3 (14) 7.9 (10) 2.9 (4) Had previous education on diabetes .037 • Yes 35.0 (96) 28.8 (38) 40.8 (58) • No 65.0 (178) 71.2 (94) 59.2 (84) Smoker .338 • Yes 14.5 (40) 16.7 (22) 12.6 (18) • No 23.1 (61) 30.2 (38) 16.7 (23) • Don’t know 5.3 (14) 7.9 (10) 2.9 (4) -
SD—standard deviation.
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↵* Mean and interquartile range.
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- Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the study population
Some percentages do not add to 100 owing to missing data.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OVERALL (N = 275) MEAN (SD) MEN (N = 132) MEAN (SD) WOMEN (N = 143) MEAN (SD) P VALUE Body mass index, kg/m2 (≥25 is overweight) 31.52 (6.8) 30.42 (6.3) 32.53 (7.1) .011 HbA1c level, % (target level ≤ 7.0) 7.96 (1.9) 8.0 (2.0) 7.92 (1.9) .74 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, mmol/L 1.21 (0.3) 1.12 (.3) 1.30 (.3) 0 Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, mmol/L (target ≤ 4.0) 4.43 (1.4) 4.56 (1.4) 4.32 (1.4) .175 Triglyceride level, mmol/L 2.36 (2.0) 2.52 (2.4) 2.21 (1.5) .202 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, mmol/L (target < 2.0) 2.94 (1.0) 2.85 (1.0) 3.02 (1.0) .211 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (target ≤ 130) 127.67 (15.2) 126.36 (14.7) 128.84 (15.6) .188 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (target ≤ 80) 77.43 (9.3) 77.81 (9.5) 77.10 (9.2) .54 -
SD—standard deviation.
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