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CHARACTERISTIC CMNI CATEGORY EXTREME CONFORMITY (N = 11) MODERATE CONFORMITY (N = 38) MODERATE NONCONFORMITY (N = 34) EXTREME NONCONFORMITY (N = 14) Mean age, y 27.18 26.43 33.15 27.28 Ethnicity, n (%*) • Asian 1 (9) 14 (37) 10 (29) 0 (0) • White 4 (36) 15 (39) 20 (59) 8 (57) • Hispanic 1 (9) 1 (3) 1 (3) 2 (14) • Middle Eastern 2 (18) 2 (5) 0 (0) 3 (21) • South Asian 2 (18) 3 (8) 0 (0) 0 (0) • Mixed 0 (0) 2 (5) 1 (3) 1 (7) • Other 1 (9) 1 (3) 2 (6) 0 (0) Marital status, n (%) • Single 9 (82) 30 (79) 20 (59) 8 (57) • Married or CL 2 (18) 8 (21) 14 (41) 6 (43) Sexual orientation, n (%) • Heterosexual 10 (91) 37 (97) 31 (91) 10 (71) • Homosexual or bisexual 0 (0) 1 (3) 1 (3) 4 (29) • No answer provided 1 (9) 0 (0) 2 (6) 0 (0) Education, n (%) • High school 2 (18) 1 (3) 1 (3) 0 (0) • Undergraduate 6 (55) 25 (66) 18 (53) 11 (79) • Postgraduate 3 (27) 10 (26) 14 (41) 3 (21) • No answer provided 0 (0) 2 (5) 1 (3) 0 (0) Employment, n (%) • Employed 2 (18) 12 (32) 16 (47) 4 (29) • Unemployed 9 (82) 26 (68) 17 (50) 9 (64) • No answer provided 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3) 1 (7) Income, n (%) • < $50 000 10 (91) 24 (63) 23 (68) 9 (64) • ≥ $50 000 1 (9) 8 (21) 10 (29) 4 (29) • No answer provided 0 (0) 6 (16) 1 (3) 1 (7) -
CL—common law, CMNI—Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.
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↵* Not all values add up to 100% owing to rounding.
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SCORES CMNI CATEGORY EXTREME CONFORMITY (N = 13) MODERATE CONFORMITY (N = 31) MODERATE NONCONFORMITY (N = 43) EXTREME NONCONFORMITY (N = 10) Mean GSMD score* (95% CI) 12.2 (5.9–18.5)† 6.1 (4.2–7.9) 6.5 (4.8–8.2) 7.4 (0.8–14.0) Mean BSI-18 depression subscale score‡ (95% CI) 56.6 (46.3–67.0) 48.5 (45.7–51.2) 49.1 (46.4–51.9) 48.4 (44.4–52.4) -
BSI—Brief Symptom Inventory, CI—confidence interval, CMNI—Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, GSMD—Gotland Scale of Male Depression.
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↵* Possible scores on the GSMD range from 0 to 39. A score of 13 or higher is suggestive of depression.
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↵† Statistically significant difference (F3,93 = 2.89, P < .039) between the extreme conformity category and other CMNI categories.
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↵‡ The BSI consists of 18 items on a 4-point Likert scale, and can be divided into 3 subscales: depression, anxiety, and somatization. Possible raw scores on the BSI-18 depression subscale are converted to transformed scores and compared with established community samples; positive cases can be identified by a score of 63 or higher.
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