Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
General characteristics of participants, by anxiety or depression status: Of 1615 participants, 269 (16.7%) reported having anxiety or depression and 1346 (83.3%) reported not having anxiety or depression.
VARIABLE OVERALL, N (%)*† PARTICIPANTS WITHOUT ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION, N (%)† PARTICIPANTS WITH ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION, N (%)† P VALUE‡ Sex • Male 729 (45.1) 644 (47.9) 85 (31.6) < .001 • Female 886 (54.9) 702 (52.2) 184 (68.4) Age group, y • 18–24 43 (2.7) 38 (2.8) 5 (1.9) .006 • 25–44 398 (24.6) 323 (24.0) 75 (27.9) • 45–64 755 (46.8) 614 (45.6) 141 (52.4) • ≥ 65 419 (25.9) 371 (27.6) 48 (17.8) Education level • Grade school or high school 252 (15.7) 211 (15.7) 41 (15.5) .944 • High school diploma 344 (21.4) 289 (21.6) 55 (20.8) • Postsecondary 1010 (62.9) 841 (62.7) 169 (63.8) Income, $ • < 30 000 279 (20.0) 204 (17.6) 75 (31.3) < .001 • 30 000–60 000 377 (27.0) 307 (26.5) 70 (29.2) • 60 000–100 000 380 (27.1) 324 (28.0) 56 (23.3) • > 100 000 362 (25.9) 323 (27.9) 39 (16.3) Multimorbidity • ≤ 1 chronic condition 747 (46.3) 679 (50.5) 68 (25.3) < .001 • ≥ 2 chronic conditions 868 (53.8) 667 (49.6) 201 (74.7) ED visit during the past year • Yes 554 (34.5) 431 (32.2) 123 (46.1) < .001 • No 1050 (65.5) 906 (67.8) 144 (53.9) Hospitalization during the past year • Yes 254 (15.8) 195 (14.5) 59 (22.0) .002 • No 1358 (84.2) 1149 (85.5) 209 (78.0) Having seen a health care professional (ie, nurse or dietitian) during the past year • Yes 231 (15.7) 188 (15.4) 43 (17.1) .515 • No 1240 (84.3) 1031 (84.6) 209 (82.9) HPC item 1 (diet counseling by FP) • Yes 731 (53.1) 609 (53.5) 122 (51.5) .535 • No 646 (46.9) 530 (46.5) 116 (48.7) HPC item 2 (exercise counseling by FP) • Yes 851 (61.5) 704 (61.5) 147 (61.3) .933 • No 533 (38.5) 440 (38.5) 93 (38.8) HPC item 3 (needing physician’s help in making health changes) • Yes 677 (49.3) 518 (45.8) 159 (66.3) < .001 • No 695 (50.7) 614 (54.2) 81 (33.8) HPC item 4 (encouraged by FP to talk about health concerns) • Yes 911 (66.0) 759 (66.5) 152 (63.6) .386 • No 469 (34.0) 382 (33.5) 87 (36.4) PREDICTOR VARIABLE MODEL A*†‡ (PARTICIPANTS WITHOUT ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION) MODEL B*‡§ (PARTICIPANTS WITH ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION) β COEFFICIENT P VALUE β COEFFICIENT P VALUE HPC item 1 (diet counseling by FP) 0.027 .048 −0.016 .651 HPC item 2 (exercise counseling by FP) −0.002 .881 −0.004 .920 HPC item 3 (needing physician’s help in making health changes) −0.047 < .001 −0.052 .095 HPC item 4 (encouraged by FP to talk about health concerns) −0.008 .518 −0.028 .359 Seeing a nurse or dietitian 0.008 .583 0.024 .515 Multimorbidity −0.045 < .001 −0.089 .010 -
EQ-5D—Euro quality of life 5-dimensions, HPC—health promotion counseling, HRQL—health-related quality of life.
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↵* Adjusted for age, sex, education level, and income.
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↵† Model A: R2 = 0.08, overall model F test = 7.57 (P < .001).
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↵‡ Boldface indicates statistical significance (ie, P < .05).
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↵§ Model B: R2 = 0.13, overall model F test = 2.98 (P = .002).
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- Table 3.
Logistic regression models of the relationship between the use of health care services and HPC
PREDICTOR VARIABLE ED VISITS, OR*†‡ (95% CI) HOSPITALIZATIONS, OR*‡ (95% CI) HPC item 1 (diet counseling by FP) 0.83 (0.60–1.14) 1.11 (0.82–1.84) HPC item 2 (exercise counseling by FP) 0.88 (0.63–1.22) 0.88 (0.58–1.34) HPC item 3 (needing physician’s help in making health changes) 1.43 (1.08–1.89) 1.02 (0.70–1.43) HPC item 4 (encouraged by FP to talk about health concerns) 0.69 (0.52–0.91) 1.02 (0.70–1.80) Seeing a nurse or dietitian 1.20 (0.85–1.70) 1.18 (0.77–1.80) Multimorbidity 1.24 (0.94–1.63) 1.62 (1.13–2.31) Anxiety or depression 1.13 (0.80–1.60) 1.20 (0.79–1.82) EQ-5D score 0.21 (0.09–0.45) 0.21 (0.08–0.50)
