Prospective | | | | | | | | |
• Baughan et al,6 2011 | Prospective over 6 mo, Scotland, PC | 582 referred with suspected prostate cancer | 306 (53) | Not given | No | No | Yes | No |
• Fowler et al,20 2000 | Prospective over 8 y, US, tertiary care referred mainly from PC | 536 with abnormal DRE findings and PSA level ≥ 4 µg/L (179 black and 357 white men) | 103 (19) | Various biopsy techniques | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
• Gjengstø et al,21 2004 | Prospective over 4 y, Norway, secondary care referred from PC | 872 mostly aged < 70 y without serious comorbidity, PSA level < 20 µg/L, and no locally advanced disease on DRE | 360 (41) | 2-dimensional TRUS-guided modified sextant biopsy | No | No | Yes | Yes |
• Nam et al,13 2007 | Prospective over 6 y, Canada, mainly a referred population | 3108 with abnormal DRE findings and PSA level ≥ 4 µg/L | 1304 (42) | 6 to 15 ultrasound- guided needle core biopsies | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Nam et al,12 2011 | Prospective over 2 y, Canada, referred population | 2130 with abnormal DRE findings and PSA level > 2.6 µg/L | 867 (41) | TRUS-guided needle core biopsy | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
• Powell et al,23 1989 | Prospective, UK, secondary care referred from PC | 287 with symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction | 19 (6.6) | All patients with elevated PSA levels had cystoscopy and TRUS or Tru-Cut biopsy; 30% with normal PSA levels had TRUS | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Serag et al,15 2012 | Prospective, UK, tertiary care referred from PC | 397 referred with suspected prostate cancer based on UK guideline | 169 (43) | Biopsy or high index of suspicion warranting androgen deprivation therapy, follow-up 12 mo | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Retrospective | | | | | | | | |
• Allen et al,17 2004 | Retrospective over 1 y, UK, 2-wk-wait referral | 35 referred for elevated PSA levels | 11 (31) | Various | Yes | No | No | No |
• Borre,7 2009 | Retrospective, Denmark, secondary care referred from PC | 538 with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy | 538 (100); 350 with LUTS, 188 no LUTS | Not given | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Hawary et al,9 2008 | Retrospective over 6 mo, UK, secondary care referred from PC | 41 with elevated age-specific PSA levels | 18 (44) | Not given | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Karakiewicz et al,18 2005 | Retrospective, Canada and Germany, mainly a referred population | For nomogram 2: internal validation 1762, external validation 514, ≤ 50 µg/L with abnormal DRE findings or abnormal PSA or free PSA levels | For nomogram 2: internal validation 739 (42), external validation 189 (37) | Sextant biopsy | Unclear | No | No | No |
• Kawakami et al,11 2008 | Retrospective, Japan, referred population | For nomogram 1: 1083, PSA level < 20 µg/L; for Karakiewicz nomogram: 1762 | For nomogram 1: 37%; for Karakiewicz nomogram: 42% | Extended biopsy | Unclear | No | No | No |
• Kawakami et al,10 2008 | Retrospective, Japan, referred population | External validation: 544 PSA level < 10 µg/L | External validation: 221 (41) | Mostly extended biopsy | Yes | No | No | No |
• Månsson et al,22 1999 | Retrospective over 5 y, Sweden, PC | 63 with prostate cancer | 63 (100) | Swedish Cancer Registry | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Mathew and Desai,19 2009 | Retrospective over 6 mo, UK, secondary care referred from PC | 115 referred for elevated PSA levels, 3 referred for elevated PSA levels and abnormal DRE findings, 4 referred for elevated PSA levels and LUTS | 45 (39) with elevated PSA level, 3 (100) with elevated PSA level and abnormal DRE findings, 2 (50) with elevated PSA level and LUTS | Imaging and pathology reports | Yes | No | No | No |
• Quinlan et al,14 2009 | Retrospective, Ireland, tertiary care, some referred from PC | 200 with LUTS, 148 referred from PC | 3 (2) | Not given | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Case-control | | | | | | | | |
• Buckley et al,8 2011 | Case-control over 5 y, Scotland, PC linked with secondary care records | 984 cases, 1968 controls | 984 | Not given | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
• Hamilton et al,24 2006 | Case-control, UK, PC records | 217 cases, 1080 controls | 217 | Electronic records | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |