The following are causes of bladder outlet obstruction:
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Genitalia: Meatal stenosis, phimosis, paraphimosis, atrophic vaginitis -
Urethra: Stones, strictures, diverticulum, posterior urethral valves, carcinoma, surgery -
Prostate: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, calculi, abscess, prostate carcinoma -
Gynecologic: Prolapse, cystocele, pregnancy, ovarian mass, uterine tumour, cervical tumour -
Bladder: Calculi, blood clot, tumour, bladder neck dysfunction -
Bowel: Fecal impaction -
Neurogenic: Multiple sclerosis, diabetes, spinal cord trauma, Parkinson disease, cerebrovascular accident
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