Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Archive
    • Supplemental Issues
    • Collections - French
    • Collections - English
  • Info for
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Advertisers
    • Careers & Locums
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
  • About CFP
    • About CFP
    • About the CFPC
    • Editorial Advisory Board
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Feedback
    • Feedback
    • Rapid Responses
    • Most Read
    • Most Cited
    • Email Alerts
  • Blogs
    • Latest Blogs
    • Blog Guidelines
    • Directives pour les blogues
  • Mainpro+ Credits
    • About Mainpro+
    • Member Login
    • Instructions
  • Other Publications
    • http://www.cfpc.ca/Canadianfamilyphysician/
    • https://www.cfpc.ca/Login/
    • Careers and Locums

User menu

  • My alerts

Search

  • Advanced search
The College of Family Physicians of Canada
  • Other Publications
    • http://www.cfpc.ca/Canadianfamilyphysician/
    • https://www.cfpc.ca/Login/
    • Careers and Locums
  • My alerts
The College of Family Physicians of Canada

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Archive
    • Supplemental Issues
    • Collections - French
    • Collections - English
  • Info for
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Advertisers
    • Careers & Locums
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
  • About CFP
    • About CFP
    • About the CFPC
    • Editorial Advisory Board
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
  • Feedback
    • Feedback
    • Rapid Responses
    • Most Read
    • Most Cited
    • Email Alerts
  • Blogs
    • Latest Blogs
    • Blog Guidelines
    • Directives pour les blogues
  • Mainpro+ Credits
    • About Mainpro+
    • Member Login
    • Instructions
  • RSS feeds
  • Follow cfp Template on Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Instagram
Review ArticlePractice

Measuring head circumference

Update on infant microcephaly

Susan R. Harris
Canadian Family Physician August 2015, 61 (8) 680-684;
Susan R. Harris
Professor Emerita in the Department of Physical Therapy and Associate Member in the Department of Pediatrics in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia.
PhD PT FAPTA FCAHS
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: susan.harris@ubc.ca
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Abstract

Objective To provide an evidence-based update emphasizing the importance of measuring head circumference (HC) in infants, with a focus on microcephaly.

Quality of evidence PubMed and EMBASE (OvidSP) were searched. Search terms used were head circumference and infants and measurement; microcephaly and infants and measurement; idiopathic microcephaly and infants; and congenital microcephaly and infants. Most of the references for this review were published in 2000 or later. Most evidence is level II.

Main message Serial measurement of HC should be incorporated into routine well-child care. Measure the distance around the back of the child’s head with a nonelastic tape measure held above the eyebrows and ears, and plot the measurement on an age- and sex-appropriate growth chart. Microcephaly is HC more than 2 SD below the mean. The most common disability associated with microcephaly is intellectual delay; other common concomitant conditions include epilepsy, cerebral palsy, language delay, strabismus, ophthalmologic disorders, and cardiac, renal, urinary tract, and skeletal anomalies. An interdisciplinary approach to microcephaly is warranted. Although there are no specific interventions to enhance brain growth, dietary or surgical interventions might be helpful in some cases. Infants with microcephaly who show developmental delays might benefit from early intervention programs or developmental physical and occupational therapy.

Conclusion Early identification of HC concerns by family physicians can be a critical first step in identifying disorders such as microcephaly, leading to referral to pediatric specialists and, as needed, provision of family-centred early intervention services.

Measuring head circumference (HC) is a quick, noninvasive method of determining if infant head size is too large (megacephaly) or too small (microcephaly).1 When compared with normative growth curves, serial HC measurements are extremely important in monitoring infant health. The procedure has been described as “the most simple, inexpensive and quick available [tool] to assess the development of the central nervous system and identify neonates at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.”2 Although HC is often measured in infants at risk (eg, preterm or low-birth-weight infants, or those with known genetic disorders) few clinicians include serial HC measurements within routine well-baby checkups1 or as part of regular care for infants and children admitted to hospital for reasons other than growth concerns (ie, opportunistic growth measurements).3

The objective of this review is to provide an evidence-based update emphasizing the importance of measuring HC in infants, with a focus on microcephaly.

Quality of evidence

To locate evidence, PubMed and EMBASE (OvidSP) were searched. Search terms used were head circumference and infants and measurement; microcephaly and infants and measurement; idiopathic microcephaly and infants; and congenital microcephaly and infants. Most of the references for this review were published in 2000 or later. Levels of evidence are described in Table 1 and are indicated throughout the article. Most evidence was level II.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Levels of evidence

Main message

Definition of microcephaly

The most common definition of microcephaly is “HC that is > 2 standard deviations (SD) below the mean compared to age- and gender-matched population-based samples,”4 a definition supported by child neurologists,5 developmental pediatricians,6 pediatric endocrinologists, and geneticists.6 The term severe microcephaly is used for HC more than 3 SD below the mean.6 Although HC measures skull size, it typically also reflects overall brain volume7,8 and has been described as a “widely used proxy of neural growth and brain size.”9 Brain size outside of normal values is an important risk factor for cognitive and motor delay.6,10 Microcephaly at birth has been termed primary microcephaly and that acquired after birth is secondary microcephaly.6

Measurement and plotting of HC

Measuring occipital-frontal HC is quick and easy, involving a nonelastic tape measure and 1 to 2 minutes of a clinician’s time to measure (at least twice) and plot the measurement on the appropriate growth chart.6 According to MedlinePlus of the US National Library of Medicine, HC is a measure of the largest area of a child’s head or the distance around the back of the head with the tape measure held above the eyebrows and ears.11 In a recent reliability study of 57 adults from the lay public and 25 mothers of typically developing children, all were provided with a measuring tape and written instructions, including a diagram, on how to measure either their own HC or that of their children.9 High rates of interrater reliability were reported for the lay assessors’ measurements relative to HC measurements taken by 2 trained researchers; the 95% CIs for the intraclass correlation coefficients were not statistically different between the lay groups and the researchers,9 thus supporting the simplicity and accuracy of HC measurements. Even in infants with positional plagiocephaly or brachycephaly, standardized HC measurements have been shown to be highly reproducible.12

The HC measurement should then be plotted on an age- and sex-appropriate growth chart (Box 1)8,13–15 to determine its percentile. If HC is more than 2 SD below the mean (third centile) and similar to height and weight, it is defined as proportional microcephaly; if length and weight are well above the third centile but HC is at or below, then the term disproportionate microcephaly is used.6

Box 1.

Sources for growth charts that include head circumference measurement

  • Canadian Neonatal Network8: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/4/e1158.long

  • US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention13: www.cdc.gov/growthcharts

  • World Health Organization14: www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/hc_for_age/en

  • World Health Organization growth charts, Canadian Paediatric Society15: www.cps.ca/tools-outils/who-growth-charts

In a population-based, longitudinal study involving 633 full-term children (level II evidence), Gale and colleagues examined the influence of head growth from birth to ages 1, 4, and 8 years on IQ at 4 and 8 years.16 Although only HC at birth (prenatal growth) and head growth at 1 year were related to later IQ in the study by Gale and colleagues,16 authors of a more recent retrospective study (level II evidence) of 680 children with microcephaly recommended that HC should be measured at birth and repeatedly throughout infancy and early childhood.6 This recommendation is supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics.17

In addition to measuring and plotting the child’s HC, the initial evaluation should include the child’s medical and developmental history, HC measurements for the parents, and a complete physical examination.18 One conundrum in plotting HC is which growth chart to use (Box 1).8,13–15 The World Health Organization (WHO) charts14 were recommended for use in Canada by the Dietitians of Canada, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the College of Family Physicians of Canada, and Community Health Nurses of Canada.15 However, the WHO charts have been criticized for under-referring children at 1 year of age because the new second centile is approximately 2 cm smaller than before.19 As Baxter commented on this discrepancy: At that age a head circumference that was on the 2nd centile on the old charts would now be between the 25th and 50th centile on the new charts, or a child following the new 2nd centile would be demonstrating a marked acquired, or postnatal, microcephaly on the old charts.19

The authors of the most recent and largest study of children with microcephaly,6 conducted in Germany, recommended the growth charts from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention13 rather than the WHO charts because the mean occipital-frontal circumference for children in industrialized countries is larger than the standard values provided by WHO. For Canadian infants born preterm (23–37 weeks’ gestation), HC reference curves were recently published8 by the Canadian Neonatal Network (Box 1).8,13–15

Causes of microcephaly

Causes of microcephaly include genetic syndromes, environmental teratogens, or structural brain anomalies. Both primary and secondary microcephaly can result from chromosomal abnormalities (eg, trisomy 13, 18, or 21), specific gene defects, intrauterine infections or teratogens, craniosynostosis, or diseases in the mother6; secondary microcephaly can also arise from perinatal or postnatal brain damage.6 According to an evidence-based review on evaluation of children with microcephaly, hundreds of different syndromes include microcephaly among their characteristics.18

In a retrospective review of 51 children with secondary (acquired) microcephaly ages 0.7 to 11.3 years (level II evidence), Baxter and colleagues classified the various causes into 5 categories: idiopathic, familial, syndromic, symptomatic, or mixed (at least 2 of the foregoing causes).20

In their retrospective study of 680 children with microcephaly (level II evidence), von der Hagen et al reported that only 403 of the children (59.3%) received a presumed diagnosis of cause, as shown in the following categories: genetic or presumably genetic (28.5%), perinatal brain injury (26.8%), postnatal brain injury (1.9%), and craniosynostosis (2.1%); cause was unclear for the remaining 277 (40.7%).6 Among children for whom primary or secondary microcephaly could be differentiated (n = 287), 38% of cases were deemed primary and 62% were deemed secondary.6

Disabilities and outcomes

Children with microcephaly often present with concurrent disabilities. Because head size tends to represent brain volume, the most common associated disability is intellectual delay. In their retrospective study (level II evidence), von der Hagen et al reported that 65% of the children had been diagnosed with intellectual disability or neurodevelopmental delay.6 In a sample of 1393 children with developmental disabilities identified through chart review at an Israeli child developmental centre (level II evidence), Watemberg and colleagues found that 15.4% of the sample had microcephaly and, of those, 53.7% had intellectual delays ranging from borderline intelligence to severe mental retardation.10

Of 51 children with secondary (acquired) microcephaly identified in a retrospective chart review (level II evidence), Baxter and colleagues reported developmental quotient (DQ) or IQ scores for 34 children at a mean age of 4.5 years.20 The median DQ or IQ was 63 for this subsample, with the idiopathic group having the highest median score (83) and the syndromic group having the lowest (45).20 Although these results confirm that microcephaly predicts developmental delay overall, the authors found no significant correlation between DQ or IQ and concurrent HC z scores.20

In a retrospective chart review of 312 high-risk survivors who had been cared for in a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit in Montreal (level II evidence), 38 (12.2%) were found to have microcephaly at 2 years of age and were also identified as developmentally delayed.7 However, the degree of microcephaly did not correlate significantly with the degree of developmental delay.7

In a retrospective review of 57 children with secondary microcephaly followed for an average of 4.2 years at 2 Boston medical centres (level II evidence), Rosman et al sought to determine whether growth parameters could predict developmental outcome.21 More than 40% of the sample (n = 24) had idiopathic microcephaly. Head circumference, body weight, and height were each significant predictors of DQ (P < .001). Developmental quotient was also significantly correlated (P < .05) with final growth measurements, but the relationship between HC and DQ was the weakest of the 3 (r = 0.13), possibly owing to the fact that 13 of the children (23% of the sample) had DQs that were within normal limits despite being microcephalic.21

Finnish researchers conducted a prospective, longitudinal study of 1056 healthy children born at term (level II evidence).22 Measures of weight, length, and HC were collected at 5, 20, and 56 months of age and compared with scores on cognitive tests at 56 months. For each SD below the mean in HC at birth, the children showed cognitive scores that were 1.31 points lower, thus supporting a relationship between putative congenital brain size and later development even in those without frank microcephaly.22

In summary, there is a clear predictive relationship between HC at birth and developmental outcomes on standardized tests, but the absolute correlation between the 2 is relatively weak and sometimes non-significant (a finding which could relate to the small sample sizes in most of the studies).

Another common clinical finding in children with microcephaly is epilepsy. Of the 215 children with microcephaly in the Israeli study, 28.3% also had epilepsy; other associated diagnoses included cerebral palsy (21.4%), language delay (33%), and strabismus (22.3%).10 In the most recent and largest study of children with microcephaly in Germany, 43% presented with epilepsy. Other comorbidities included ophthalmologic disorders (30%), cardiac anomalies (14%), and renal, urinary tract, and skeletal anomalies (13% to 14% each), leading the study authors to emphasize the need for an interdisciplinary approach to microcephaly.6

Interventions for children with microcephaly

Although there are no specific interventions to enhance brain growth, secondary microcephaly can be prevented in some conditions, eg, through dietary interventions in infants with phenylketonuria at birth23 or through surgical release of sutures for craniosynostosis in infants before 1 year of age.24 For infants born with microcephaly due to inadequate maternal nutrition, enhanced postnatal nutrition has been postulated to account for increased HC.25 Infants with microcephaly who show developmental delays might benefit from early intervention programs or developmental physical and occupational therapy. Such programs, as well as interdisciplinary management by various medical specialists, have been recommended for children with conditions that often include microcephaly (eg, congenital cytomegalovirus infection,26 autism spectrum disorder,27 de Lange syndrome28). Although not specific to infants and young children with microcephaly, a systematic review (level I evidence) of the effects of early intervention showed that specific developmental motor training programs positively influenced infant motor development.29 In a pretest-posttest study of early language intervention for 455 children from birth to 3 years of age with suspected speech or language delay (level II evidence), the 6-month intervention resulted in statistically significant (P < .001) improvements in language quotient; about 20% of these children had microcephaly.30

Conclusion

As Holden stated recently in an invited commentary about the largest microcephaly study published to date,6 “the time has arrived for the measurement of head circumference to receive the same status and acceptance as obtaining height and weight measurements during routine well-child evaluations.”1 Family physicians could play a critical role in conducting serial HC measurements for children in their practices. Also, repeated HC measurements should be incorporated into the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care’s upcoming guideline on screening and treatment for developmental delay in early childhood.31

Although questions remain about which growth chart to use in measuring and plotting HC, the importance of conducting this measurement cannot be overstated. Both atypically large and atypically small head sizes place infants and young children at risk of a host of different developmental disorders. Early identification of HC concerns by family physicians or community health nurses can provide a critical first step in identifying such disorders, leading to referrals to pediatric specialist physicians and, as needed, provision of family-centred early intervention services.

Notes

EDITOR’S KEY POINTS

  • Measuring head circumference (HC) in infants is a quick, simple, noninvasive, and reliable procedure for determining underlying brain size. After plotting the measurement on sex- and age-appropriate charts, family physicians can determine if HC is within normal limits, too large (megacephaly), or too small (microcephaly).

  • Microcephaly is HC that is more than 2 SD below the mean based on normative growth charts. It is frequently associated with developmental delay. Serial HC measurements during well-child visits are critical to screening young children for possible cognitive or motor delays.

  • Family-centred early intervention services might be appropriate for infants or young children with microcephaly.

POINTS DE REPÈRE DU RÉDACTEUR

  • La mesure de la circonférence crânienne chez les nourrissons est une procédure rapide, simple, non invasive et fiable pour déterminer la taille du cerveau sous-jacent. Après avoir inscrit la mesure sur un graphique de croissance approprié en fonction du sexe et de l’âge, les médecins de famille peuvent observer si la mesure du crâne se situe dans les limites normales ou si elle est trop grande (mégacéphalie) ou trop petite (microcéphalie).

  • La microcéphalie désigne une taille de 2 écarts-types inférieure à la moyenne selon les fiches de croissance normatives. Elle est fréquemment associée à un retard développemental. La mesure répétée à chaque visite lors des cliniques du bien-être de l’enfant est essentielle pour dépister chez les enfants des retards cognitifs ou moteurs éventuels.

  • Il pourrait être approprié d’offrir des services d’intervention axés sur la famille pour les nourrissons ou les jeunes enfants ayant une microcéphalie.

Footnotes

  • This article has been peer reviewed.

  • Cet article fait l’objet d’une révision par des pairs.

  • Competing interests

    None declared

  • Copyright© the College of Family Physicians of Canada

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Holden KR
    . Heads you win, tails you lose: measuring head circumference. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014;56(8):705. Epub 2014 Mar 24.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. García-Alix A,
    2. Sáenz-de Pipaón M,
    3. Martínez M,
    4. Salas-Hernández S,
    5. Quero J
    . Ability of neonatal head circumference to predict long-term neurodevelopmental outcome [article in Spanish]. Rev Neurol 2004;39(6):548-54.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Lek N,
    2. Hughes IA
    . Opportunistic growth measurements are not frequently done in hospital. Arch Dis Child 2009;94(9):702-4. Epub 2008 Nov 19.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    1. Harris SR
    . Congenital idiopathic microcephaly in an infant: congruence of head size with developmental motor delay. Dev Neurorehabil 2013;16(2):129-32.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Pang T,
    2. Atefy R,
    3. Sheen V
    . Malformations of cortical development. Neurologist 2008;14(3):181-91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Von der Hagen M,
    2. Pivarcsi M,
    3. Liebe J,
    4. von Bernuth H,
    5. Didonato N,
    6. Hennermann JB,
    7. et al
    . Diagnostic approach to microcephaly in childhood: a two-center study and review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014;56(8):732-41. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Bolduc FV,
    2. Shevell MI
    . Corrected head performance centiles as a possible predictor of developmental performance in high-risk neonatal intensive care unit survivors. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005;47(11):766-70.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Barbier A,
    2. Boivin A,
    3. Yoon W,
    4. Vallerand D,
    5. Platt RW,
    6. Audibert F,
    7. et al
    . New reference curves for head circumference at birth, by gestational age. Pediatrics 2013;131(4):e1158-67. Epub 2013 Mar 18.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. 9.↵
    1. Sullivan JC,
    2. Tavasolli C,
    3. Armstrong K,
    4. Armstrong K,
    5. Baron-Cohen S,
    6. Humphrey A
    . Reliability of self, parental and researcher measurement of head circumference. Mol Autism 2014;5(1):2.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Watemberg N,
    2. Silver S,
    3. Harel S,
    4. Lerman-Sagie T
    . Significance of microcephaly among children with developmental disabilities. J Child Neurol 2002;17(2):117-22.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    Head circumference. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2013. MedlinePlus [website]. Available from: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002379.htm. Accessed 2014 Apr 22.
  12. 12.↵
    1. Wilbrand JF,
    2. Wilbrand M,
    3. Pons-Kuehnemann J,
    4. Blecher JC,
    5. Christophis P,
    6. Howaldt HP,
    7. et al
    . Value and reliability of anthropometric measurements of cranial deformity in early childhood. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2011;39(1):24-9. Epub 2010 Apr 24.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    Growth charts. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [website]. Available from: www.cdc.gov/growthcharts. Accessed 2015 Jun 21.
  14. 14.↵
    Child growth standards. Geneva, Switz: World Health Organization; World Health Organization [website]. Available from: www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/hc_for_age/en. Accessed 2015 Jun 21.
  15. 15.↵
    Promoting optimal monitoring of child growth in Canada: using the new WHO growth charts. Executive summary. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Paediatric Society; 2014. Dietitians of Canada, Canadian Paediatric Society, the College of Family Physicians of Canada, Community Health Nurses of Canada. Available from: www.cps.ca/tools-outils/who-growth-charts. Accessed 2015 Jun 17.
  16. 16.↵
    1. Gale CR,
    2. O’Callaghan FJ,
    3. Bredow M,
    4. Martyn CN,
    5. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team
    . The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):1486-92.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Noritz GH,
    2. Murphy NA,
    3. Neuromotor Screening Expert Panel
    . Motor delays: early identification and evaluation. Pediatrics 2013;131(6):e2016-27.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Ashwal S,
    2. Michelson D,
    3. Plauwner L,
    4. Dobyns WB,
    5. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society
    . Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with microcephaly (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Committee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2009;73(11):887-97.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Baxter P
    . Head size: WHOse growth charts. Dev Med Child Neurol 2011;53(1):3-4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Baxter PS,
    2. Rigby AS,
    3. Rotsaert MH,
    4. Wright I
    . Acquired microcephaly: causes, patterns, motor and IQ effects, and associated growth changes. Pediatrics 2009;124(2):590-5. Epub 2009 Jul 27.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. 21.↵
    1. Rosman NP,
    2. Tarquinio DC,
    3. Datseris M,
    4. Hou W,
    5. Mannheim GB,
    6. Emigh CE,
    7. et al
    . Postnatal-onset microcephaly: pathogenesis, patterns of growth, and prediction of outcome. Pediatrics 2011;127(4):665-71. Epub 2011 Mar 21.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. 22.↵
    1. Heinonen K,
    2. Räikkönen K,
    3. Pesonen AK,
    4. Kajantie E,
    5. Andersson S,
    6. Eriksson JG,
    7. et al
    . Prenatal and postnatal growth and cognitive abilities at 56 months of age: a longitudinal study of infants born at term. Pediatrics 2008;121(5):e1325-33.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. 23.↵
    1. Williams RA,
    2. Mamotte CA,
    3. Burnett JR
    . Phenylketonuria: an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism. Clin Biochem Rev 2008;29(1):31-41.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Warren SM,
    2. Proctor MR,
    3. Bartlett SP,
    4. Blount JP,
    5. Buchman SR,
    6. Burnett W,
    7. et al
    . Parameters of care for craniosynostosis: craniofacial and neurologic perspectives. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;129(3):731-7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Miller LC,
    2. Chan W,
    3. Litvinova A,
    4. Rubin A,
    5. Tirella L,
    6. Cermak S
    . Medical diagnoses and growth of children residing in Russian orphanages. Acta Paediatr 2007;96(12):1765-9. Epub 2007 Oct 30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Bale JF,
    2. Miner L,
    3. Petheram SJ
    . Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2002;4(3):225-30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Miller JH,
    2. McCathren RB,
    3. Stichter J,
    4. Shinawi M
    . Autism spectrum disorders. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Wallace SE, Amemiya A, Bean LJH, et al., editors. GeneReviews. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Seattle; 2010.
  28. 28.↵
    1. Mikołajewska E
    . Interdisciplinary therapy in Cornelia de Lange syndrome—review of the literature. Adv Clin Exp Med 2013;22(4):571-7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Blauw-Hospers CH,
    2. Hadders-Algra M
    . A systematic review of the effects of early intervention on motor development. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005;47(6):421-32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Nair MK,
    2. Mini AO,
    3. Leena ML,
    4. George B,
    5. Harikumaran Nair GS,
    6. Bhaskaran D,
    7. et al
    . CDC Kerala 7: effect of early language intervention among children 0–3 y with speech and language delay. Indian J Pediatr 2014;81(Suppl 2):S102-9. Epub 2014 Sep 3.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
    . CTFPHC guidelines. Calgary, AB: Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care; Available from: http://canadiantaskforce.ca/ctfphc-guidelines/overview. Accessed 2014 Sep 25.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Canadian Family Physician: 61 (8)
Canadian Family Physician
Vol. 61, Issue 8
1 Aug 2015
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on The College of Family Physicians of Canada.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Measuring head circumference
(Your Name) has sent you a message from The College of Family Physicians of Canada
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the The College of Family Physicians of Canada web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Measuring head circumference
Susan R. Harris
Canadian Family Physician Aug 2015, 61 (8) 680-684;

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Respond to this article
Share
Measuring head circumference
Susan R. Harris
Canadian Family Physician Aug 2015, 61 (8) 680-684;
Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Quality of evidence
    • Main message
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Ataxic-hypotonic cerebral palsy in a cerebral palsy registry: Insights into a distinct subtype
  • Cohort profile: the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre, Brazil, birth cohort study (MINA-Brazil)
  • Low-frequency variation in TP53 has large effects on head circumference and intracranial volume
  • Fetal microcephaly
  • Congenital microcephaly in Quebec: baseline prevalence, risk factors and outcomes in a large cohort of neonates
  • Early identification of motor delay: Family-centred screening tool
  • Depistage precoce des retards du developpement moteur: Outil de depistage axe sur la famille
  • Zika Virus: New Clinical Syndromes and Its Emergence in the Western Hemisphere
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

Practice

  • Is 45 the new 50 in colorectal cancer screening?
  • Approach to diagnosis and management of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • Determining if and how older patients can safely stay at home with additional services
Show more Practice

Clinical Review

  • Referred otalgia
  • Approach to nail trauma for primary care physicians
  • Approach to sialadenitis
Show more Clinical Review

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Collections - English
  • Collections - Française

For Authors

  • Authors and Reviewers
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Permissions
  • Terms of Use

General Information

  • About CFP
  • About the CFPC
  • Advertisers
  • Careers & Locums
  • Editorial Advisory Board
  • Subscribers

Journal Services

  • Email Alerts
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Instagram
  • RSS Feeds

Copyright © 2023 by The College of Family Physicians of Canada

Powered by HighWire