Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Distribution of EDs in the census metropolitan area of Montreal in Quebec
ED—emergency department.
- Figure 2.
Study cohort
CMA-M—census metropolitan area of Montreal, CVD—cardiovascular disease, ICD—International Classification of Diseases.
*A patient was considered to be at risk of CVD if he or she had received a primary or secondary diagnosis of hypertension (ICD-9 code 401, ICD-10 code I10), diabetes (ICD-9 code 250, ICD-10 code E10–E14), or dyslipidemia (ICD-9 code 272, ICD-10 code E78) during a hospitalization or at least 3 physician claims within 1 y with an identical diagnosis.
†A patient could be present in more than 1 disease-specific cohort (eg, a patient with hypertension could also have diabetes).
- Figure 3.
Cumulative number of ED visits in the 1-year follow-up period according to the cumulative proportion of patients
ED—emergency department.
*By reverse order of the number of ED visits.
- Figure 4.
Crude and adjusted ORs for the probability of being an ED user and a frequent ED user (among ED users) according to distance to EDs: The reference group was patients living 10 km or farther from EDs.
ED—emergency department, OR—odds ratio.
Tables
HEALTH CONDITION ICD-9 CODE ICD-10 CODE Gestational-related event 630–676, 760–779, V22–V24, V27–V28 O00–O99, Z32–Z39 Diabetes 250 E10–E14 Hypertension 401 I10 Dyslipidemia 272 E78 Cardiovascular disease 410–414, 428, 430–438 I20–I25, I50, I60–I69 ICD—International Classification of Diseases.
CHARACTERISTICS TOTAL ED NONUSERS (NO VISIT) ED USERS (≥ 1 VISITS) P VALUE* ED OCCASIONAL USERS (1–3 VISITS) ED FREQUENT USERS (≥ 4 VISITS) P VALUE* Total, n (%) 99 400 (100.0) 73 511 (74.0) 25 889 (26.0) NA 21 326 (21.5) 4563 (4.6) NA No. of ED visits, mean (SD) 0.62 (1.62) 0.00 (0.00) 2.40 (2.41) NA 1.58 (0.73) 6.19 (3.61) NA Sex, n (%) < .001 .284 • Female 55 018 (55.4) 40 241 (54.7) 14 777 (57.1) 12 140 (56.9) 2637 (57.8) • Male 44 382 (44.6) 33 270 (45.3) 11 112 (42.9) 9186 (43.1) 1926 (42.2) Age in years, mean (SD) 64.7 (13.0) 64.4 (12.8) 65.6 (13.8) < .001 65.4 (13.6) 66.6 (14.5) < .001 Comorbidity index score,† mean (SD) 1.67 (2.01) 1.53 (1.85) 2.06 (2.35) < .001 1.92 (2.23) 2.67 (2.80) < .001 Previous hospitalization, n (%) 29 231 (29.4) 18 678 (25.4) 10 553 (40.8) < .001 8095 (38.0) 2458 (53.9) < .001 Immigration score,‡ mean (SD) 0.16 (3.70) 0.08 (3.69) 0.39 (3.73) < .001 0.36 (3.74) 0.54 (3.69) .003 Material deprivation score,§ mean (SD) 0.46 (1.83) 0.40 (1.83) 0.60 (1.82) < .001 0.58 (1.83) 0.70 (1.77) < .001 Social deprivation score,§ mean (SD) 0.38 (1.96) 0.31 (1.95) 0.57 (1.95) < .001 0.53 (1.96) 0.77 (1.94) < .001 Distance to nearest ED in km, mean (SD) 4.51 (4.04) 4.62 (4.11) 4.20 (3.85) < .001 4.27 (3.89) 3.88 (3.65) < .001 Distance to nearest ED in km, n (%) < .001 < .001 • < 1 10 183 (10.2) 7107 (9.7) 3076 (11.9) 2452 (11.5) 624 (13.7) • ≥ 1 to < 2 18 411 (18.5) 13 311 (18.1) 5100 (19.7) 4158 (19.5) 942 (20.6) • ≥ 2 to < 3 19 194 (19.3) 14 010 (19.1) 5184 (20.0) 4208 (19.7) 976 (21.4) • ≥ 3 to < 5 20 761 (20.9) 15 382 (20.9) 5379 (20.8) 4466 (20.9) 913 (20.0) • ≥ 5 to < 10 21 233 (21.4) 16 278 (22.1) 4955 (19.1) 4177 (19.6) 778 (17.1) • ≥ 10 9618 (9.7) 7423 (10.1) 2195 (8.5) 1865 (8.7) 330 (7.2) DA—dissemination area, ED—emergency department, NA—not applicable.
↵* P values are associated with t tests (continuous variables) or χ2 tests (categorical variables).
↵† Higher scores indicate greater comorbidity.
↵‡ Higher scores indicate higher levels of immigration in the DA.
↵§ Higher scores indicate greater deprivation in the DA.
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