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Research ArticleResearch

Ultimate journey of the terminally ill

Ways and pathways of hope

Serge Daneault, Véronique Lussier, Suzanne Mongeau, Louise Yelle, Andréanne Côté, Claude Sicotte, Pierre Paillé, Dominique Dion and Manon Coulombe
Canadian Family Physician August 2016; 62 (8) 648-656;
Serge Daneault
Palliative care physician, a researcher, and Professor in the Research Centre and Palliative Care Service at the University of Montreal Hospital Centre and in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Montreal in Quebec.
MD PhD FRCPC
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  • For correspondence: serge.daneault.chum@ssss.gouv.qc.ca
Véronique Lussier
Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Quebec at Montreal.
PhD
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Suzanne Mongeau
Professor in the School of Social Work at the University of Quebec at Montreal.
PhD
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Louise Yelle
Clinical Investigator and Associate Clinical Professor in the Research Centre and for the Hematology and Oncology Service at the University of Montreal Hospital Centre and in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Montreal.
MD MSc FRCPC
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Andréanne Côté
Palliative care physician and Director of the Programme de compétences avancées en soins palliatifs for the Palliative Care Service at the University of Montreal Hospital Centre and in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Montreal.
MD MA
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Claude Sicotte
Professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Montreal.
PhD
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Pierre Paillé
Professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of Sherbrooke in Quebec.
PhD
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Dominique Dion
Palliative care physician at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal and Assistant Professor at the University of Montreal.
MD MSc
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Manon Coulombe
Nurse at the Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital.
MSc
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Initial conception of the hope pathway for illness in the palliative phase

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Hope as a changing reality: Based on participant feedback, the model was reconceptualized as a dynamic process.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Characteristics of patient participants and their loved ones

    PATIENTSEXAGE, YTYPE OF CANCERLOVED ONE’S RELATION TO PATIENT
    PT-01Male63BrainWife
    PT-02Female50OvarianMother
    PT-03Female44BreastHusband
    PT-04Male53LungFriend
    PT-05Female60LungSister
    PT-06Male47StomachSister
    PT-07Female67Undetermined  site,  metastasisSon
    PT-08Female39Appendix,  breastFather
    PT-09Female59ColonDaughter
    PT-10Male63Bile  ductsSon
    PT-11Male65MelanomaWife
    PT-12Male61Head  and  neckWife
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    Table 2.

    Characteristics of physician participants

    PHYSICIANSEXYEARS IN PRACTICESPECIALTY
    MD-01Male33Medical
    MD-02Female34Surgical
    MD-03Male6Medical
    MD-04Male43Medical
    MD-05Male20Medical
    MD-06Male18Medical
    MD-07Male11Medical
    MD-08Male33Medical
    MD-09Male6Medical
    MD-10Male37Surgical
    MD-11Female3Medical
    MD-12Male19Medical
    • View popup
    Table 3.

    Quotations illustrating the themes that emerged during interviews

    ATTRIBUTESAMPLE QUOTATIONS
    1. Hope as an irrational phenomenon
    • “We’re crossing, and the sea is stormy. But we have to hope it will calm down afterward. There are strong winds, and the sea is stormy, there’s fog .… But we have radar, and that radar is hope.” (LO)

    • “When I hear the word hope, the first thing that comes to mind is ‘coping mechanism.’ It’s the body, the organism, the psyche defending itself.” (MD)

    • “The problem with hope, as I see it, is the illusion that’s attached to the hope.” (PT)

    • “As much as possible, I try to tell it like it is, but not to cut off hope. I don’t know if this is lying, but I like to say, ‘Listen, we have several treatment options. If there’s a recurrence, we’ll give it another go’ .… Sometimes, we might say these are little white lies.” (MD)

    2. Hope for a miracle
    • “Cure … sure, that would be a hopeful word, but I know there isn’t any … unless a miracle happens.” (PT)

    • “At any given time, it’s a little bit like there are miracle workers here. I know we’d like to see a miracle.” (LO)

    • “I’d say maybe what oncologists find hard is when we have the impression that patients’ hopes are totally unrealistic …. The patient you’re treating with palliative chemotherapy who says, ‘I’m going to take this and be cured, Doctor,’ that’s always going to make me a little uncomfortable, because you say to yourself, ‘I know I won’t cure him.’” (MD)

    3. Hope as a phenomenon that changes over time
    • “Hope changes over time, yes. [Patients] will go through a second and then a third round of treatment …. They’ll keep going right to the end, but I think their hope fades over time. The objectives also become different.” (MD)

    • “It’s the patients, but also their families. Over the course of the patient’s illness, especially when it goes on for years, I think families become exhausted. They don’t have the same hopes after they’ve been battling this for a year or 2 and when their lives revolve entirely around this.” (MD)

    4. Hope for prolonged life
    • R. “If I can’t be completely cured, I tell myself that I just want to live a long time.”

      Q. “And for you, living a long time, that would be how long?”

      R. “Well, I’d like to see my grandchildren graduate.”

      Q. “How old are they?”

      R. “They’re 4 years old and 1½ years old.”

      Q. “Well, that’s 20 years! Is that what you’re hoping for?”

      R. “For me, that’s it. Yes.” (PT)

    • “In fact, when I say I’m hoping to live as long as possible, what I’m not quite saying is that, really, I’d like to live forever. But since I know that’s impossible, instead I’m going to say that I’m hoping to live as long as possible.” (PT)

    • “What I’ve realized is that I’m in palliative care, but at the same time, basically, I’ve always been in palliative care. They were treatments—I knew this—that couldn’t cure me, but they were treatments that bought me time.” (PT)

    5. Hope for good quality of life
    • “My hope is to prolong my life expectancy and to do that in conditions that are as normal as possible.” (PT)

    • “There’s the whole philosophy of quality of life. Of the life she has left. In other words, she wouldn’t want to spend what’s left of her life in pain. She would want to have a life that’s at least bearable.” (LO)

    • “But, it isn’t just longevity, clearly it’s quality of life, it’s having some control over your life, that there are things you want to experience …. Sometimes patients are terribly limited by their illness and despite that, they’re determined. I don’t think it’s irrational: they want to live. And any reason at all is a good reason.” (MD)

    6. Lack of hope
    • Q. “Do you still have hope today?”

      R. “No.”

      Q. “Would you say that you’re in despair?”

      R. “Despair [pause]. If that means I haven’t yet accepted the fact that my leaving is unavoidable, then maybe, yes.”

      Q. “Does that affect your morale?”

      R. “I think so. Ever since I took this decision [not to do anything else], I have the impression that I’m letting myself go. I had hope until now. But now, I think I’ve let go.”

      Q. “Are you giving up? Are you giving up on yourself?”

      R. “Possibly yes. Yes.”

      Q. “And doing that, it’s not bringing you any peace?”

      R. “No, it’s not bringing me any peace. Not at all.”

      Q. “Now, you’re very, very sad. Is that because you have no hope, or because you think hope is crazy?”

      R. “[Sighs, with emotion] It’s hard to say. It’s a little bit of both. Yes. What’s triggering this is that there isn’t really any hope that they’ll find … that I’ll have time to find something that will keep me from … dying. [Bursts into tears] Well, I think my suffering is mostly because of that.” (PT)

    • “At that point, I’d say they lose hope, but I don’t see that as a negative thing. Losing hope also means facing facts. I always tell patients, ‘Everyone wants to be immortal, but we know there’s no such thing as immortality. The difference between you and me is that you know what’s ahead for you.’” (MD)

    • “At a given point, hope can only go so far. Then we have to deal with reality, which catches up with us pretty quickly.” (MD)

    7. Hope as enjoying the present and preparing for the end
    • “Whereas, when we stop all treatments, the patient has no more hope than to live from day to day.” (MD)

    • “Their life will change; the notion of hope won’t be the same as it was at first. They will have gone through a process. Hope will no longer be based on magic, but on a personal construct.” (MD)

    • “It means I’ve become less demanding of myself and of others; that I’ve become more calm; that I accept things more easily.” (PT)

    • Q. “What is healing, for you?”

      R. “Healing, without being physical, it can be a little more psychological, mental. Learning to live with illness, that can be like a kind of healing, maybe. What I mean is that, it’s more being at peace with yourself or calm inside.” (PT)

    • “People say it’s when we’re sick that we realize how great it is to be healthy … the sky, trees, beautiful things that we sometimes don’t notice enough, these things become more important. The little things that happen, too, become much more significant.” (LO)

    • R. “I prepared my will …. That took a lot of pressure off me; I was relieved. As though there had been … that’s it, that’s where I accepted things.”

      Q. “What was accepted? What did you accept?”

      R. “I accepted the fact that I was going to die [becomes emotional]. I don’t have a choice.”

    • LO—loved  one,  MD—physician,  PT—patient,  Q—question,  R—response.

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Canadian Family Physician: 62 (8)
Canadian Family Physician
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1 Aug 2016
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Ultimate journey of the terminally ill
Serge Daneault, Véronique Lussier, Suzanne Mongeau, Louise Yelle, Andréanne Côté, Claude Sicotte, Pierre Paillé, Dominique Dion, Manon Coulombe
Canadian Family Physician Aug 2016, 62 (8) 648-656;

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Serge Daneault, Véronique Lussier, Suzanne Mongeau, Louise Yelle, Andréanne Côté, Claude Sicotte, Pierre Paillé, Dominique Dion, Manon Coulombe
Canadian Family Physician Aug 2016, 62 (8) 648-656;
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