Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Archive
    • Supplemental Issues
    • Collections - French
    • Collections - English
  • Info for
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Advertisers
    • Careers & Locums
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
  • About CFP
    • About CFP
    • About the CFPC
    • Editorial Advisory Board
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
    • CFP AI policy
  • Feedback
    • Feedback
    • Rapid Responses
    • Most Read
    • Most Cited
    • Email Alerts
  • Blogs
    • Latest Blogs
    • Blog Guidelines
    • Directives pour les blogues
  • Mainpro+ Credits
    • About Mainpro+
    • Member Login
    • Instructions
  • Other Publications
    • http://www.cfpc.ca/Canadianfamilyphysician/
    • https://www.cfpc.ca/Login/
    • Careers and Locums

User menu

  • My alerts

Search

  • Advanced search
The College of Family Physicians of Canada
  • Other Publications
    • http://www.cfpc.ca/Canadianfamilyphysician/
    • https://www.cfpc.ca/Login/
    • Careers and Locums
  • My alerts
The College of Family Physicians of Canada

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current
    • Published Ahead of Print
    • Archive
    • Supplemental Issues
    • Collections - French
    • Collections - English
  • Info for
    • Authors & Reviewers
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Advertisers
    • Careers & Locums
    • Subscribers
    • Permissions
  • About CFP
    • About CFP
    • About the CFPC
    • Editorial Advisory Board
    • Terms of Use
    • Contact Us
    • CFP AI policy
  • Feedback
    • Feedback
    • Rapid Responses
    • Most Read
    • Most Cited
    • Email Alerts
  • Blogs
    • Latest Blogs
    • Blog Guidelines
    • Directives pour les blogues
  • Mainpro+ Credits
    • About Mainpro+
    • Member Login
    • Instructions
  • RSS feeds
  • Follow cfp Template on Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Instagram
Article CommentaryCommentary

Acknowledging stigma

Its presence in patient care and medical education

Ruth E. Dubin, Alan Kaplan, Lisa Graves and Victor K. Ng
Canadian Family Physician December 2017; 63 (12) 906-908;
Ruth E. Dubin
Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ont, Co-chair of Project ECHO Ontario Chronic Pain, and Co-chair of the Canadian Pain Society Education Special Interest Group.
MD PhD FCFP DCAPM
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Alan Kaplan
Clinical Lecturer in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto in Ontario.
MD CCFP(EM) FCFP
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Lisa Graves
Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine in Kalamazoo.
MD CCFP FCFP
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: lisa.graves{at}med.wmich.edu
Victor K. Ng
Physician Advisor in Professional Development and Practice Support at the College of Family Physicians of Canada in Mississauga, Ont.
MSc MD CCFP(EM) MHPE
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading
Submit a Response to This Article
Compose eLetter

More information about text formats

Plain text

  • No HTML tags allowed.
  • Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
  • Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Author Information
First or given name, e.g. 'Peter'.
Your last, or family, name, e.g. 'MacMoody'.
Your email address, e.g. higgs-boson{at}gmail.com
Your role and/or occupation, e.g. 'Orthopedic Surgeon'.
Your organization or institution (if applicable), e.g. 'Royal Free Hospital'.
Statement of Competing Interests
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Image CAPTCHA
Enter the characters shown in the image.

Vertical Tabs

Jump to comment:

  • Objet : Pour reconnaître la stigmatisation – Ressources à l’intention des dispensateurs de services sociaux et de santé
    Laura E Bouchard and Rachel MacLean
    Published on: 02 January 2018
  • RE: Acknowledging Stigma - Resources for health and social service providers
    Laura E Bouchard and Rachel MacLean
    Published on: 20 December 2017
  • Published on: (2 January 2018)
    Page navigation anchor for Objet : Pour reconnaître la stigmatisation – Ressources à l’intention des dispensateurs de services sociaux et de santé
    Objet : Pour reconnaître la stigmatisation – Ressources à l’intention des dispensateurs de services sociaux et de santé
    • Laura E Bouchard, Agente de project, Association canadienne de santé publique
    • Other Contributors:
      • Rachel MacLean, Agente principale de projet

    Nous savons gré à Dre Dubin et à ses collègues (1) d’avoir attiré l’attention sur l’obstacle aux soins aux patients que constitue la stigmatisation et d’avoir expliqué certains de ses moteurs dans le système de soins de santé canadien. La complexité du processus de stigmatisation est largement reconnue, et des efforts considérables ont été déployés pour en comprendre les différentes formes et les facteurs qui y contribuent (2). Comme Dubin et collègues l’indiquent dans leur commentaire, la stigmatisation est souvent abordée en termes de stéréotypes ou d’actes de discrimination manifestes (la stigmatisation effective); il est important de noter toutefois que la stigmatisation peut être vécue de plusieurs façons, souvent interdépendantes. Par exemple, la simple conscience des attitudes sociétales négatives ou l’anticipation de subir une stigmatisation de la part des dispensateurs de services (la stigmatisation perçue) peut entraver l’accès aux soins (3). La stigmatisation peut aussi être intériorisée : les personnes atteintes d’une maladie stigmatisée acceptent pour elles-mêmes les points de vue, les convictions et les sentiments négatifs fondés sur le ou les groupes stigmatisés auxquels elles appartiennent, ce qui a des conséquences lorsqu’elles consultent un médecin et qu’elles essaient de se plier à un traitement (4,5). De plus, la stigmatisation peut être effective à l’échelle d’une organisation : la stigmatisation structurelle survient lorsque des politiques et des proc...

    Show More

    Nous savons gré à Dre Dubin et à ses collègues (1) d’avoir attiré l’attention sur l’obstacle aux soins aux patients que constitue la stigmatisation et d’avoir expliqué certains de ses moteurs dans le système de soins de santé canadien. La complexité du processus de stigmatisation est largement reconnue, et des efforts considérables ont été déployés pour en comprendre les différentes formes et les facteurs qui y contribuent (2). Comme Dubin et collègues l’indiquent dans leur commentaire, la stigmatisation est souvent abordée en termes de stéréotypes ou d’actes de discrimination manifestes (la stigmatisation effective); il est important de noter toutefois que la stigmatisation peut être vécue de plusieurs façons, souvent interdépendantes. Par exemple, la simple conscience des attitudes sociétales négatives ou l’anticipation de subir une stigmatisation de la part des dispensateurs de services (la stigmatisation perçue) peut entraver l’accès aux soins (3). La stigmatisation peut aussi être intériorisée : les personnes atteintes d’une maladie stigmatisée acceptent pour elles-mêmes les points de vue, les convictions et les sentiments négatifs fondés sur le ou les groupes stigmatisés auxquels elles appartiennent, ce qui a des conséquences lorsqu’elles consultent un médecin et qu’elles essaient de se plier à un traitement (4,5). De plus, la stigmatisation peut être effective à l’échelle d’une organisation : la stigmatisation structurelle survient lorsque des politiques et des procédures stigmatisantes sont mises en œuvre, ce qui peut empêcher l’accès ou la participation de certaines personnes aux soins de santé (6). Remédier à la stigmatisation dans les soins de santé signifie la comprendre et la combattre à tous les niveaux, et tenir compte de ses recoupements avec d’autres formes d’inégalités sociales (p. ex. le racisme, le classisme, l’hétéronormativité) qui accentuent les obstacles rencontrés par certaines personnes.

    Il existe un groupe de patients qui fait souvent l’objet de stigmatisation dans le système de soins de santé et qui n’est pas spécifiquement mentionné dans l’article : les personnes vivant avec des infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang (ITSS) ou vulnérables aux ITSS. Au cours des trois dernières années, l’Association canadienne de santé publique (ACSP), en partenariat avec divers spécialistes et organismes, a mis au point de nombreuses ressources pour aider les dispensateurs de services à renforcer leur capacité de réduire la stigmatisation liée aux ITSS dans leurs propres pratiques et au sein de leurs établissements. Ces outils abordent spécifiquement la stigmatisation liée aux ITSS, à la santé sexuelle et à la consommation de substances, mais le cadre de stigmatisation utilisé dans les documents de l’ACSP, et les approches relationnelles promulguées, peuvent être des points de départ pour remédier à la stigmatisation fondée sur d’autres affections (p. ex. la santé mentale, l’obésité ou les troubles pulmonaires). Ces ressources de réduction de la stigmatisation sont disponibles gratuitement sur le site Web de l’ACSP; elles incluent : 1) un guide de discussion permettant aux dispensateurs de services d’avoir un dialogue plus sûr, plus inclusif et plus respectueux avec les patients; 2) des lignes directrices pour réduire la stigmatisation par la protection de la vie privée et de la confidentialité des patients; 3) des ressources pour trois ateliers axés sur les incidences et les causes de la stigmatisation dans les milieux de la santé et des services sociaux et sur les stratégies à employer par les dispensateurs et les établissements pour la réduire; 4) un outil d’autoévaluation à l’intention des praticiens pour les amener à réfléchir à leurs attitudes et à leurs valeurs en lien avec la santé sexuelle, la consommation de substances et les ITSS; et 5) un outil d’évaluation organisationnelle qui permet de trouver des moyens de réduire la stigmatisation rencontrée par les patients et les usagers (7).

    Comme l’écrivent Dubin et collègues, « encourager une plus grande compassion et l’acceptation sans jugement de nos patients en tant que personnes qui vivent avec des maladies chroniques et ont besoin de notre aide nous aidera à réduire la stigmatisation dans les milieux cliniques et éducatifs » (Traduction libre). Il faudra pour cela désapprendre un bon nombre d’attitudes, de valeurs et de convictions très répandues dans la société et apprendre à reconnaître les déterminants sociaux de la santé qui influent sur la vulnérabilité aux problèmes stigmatisés—deux choses que l’ACSP espère appuyer par ses efforts de réduction de la stigmatisation liée aux ITSS. L’article mentionne l’importance de remédier à la stigmatisation dans le curriculum officiel et le curriculum caché de l’enseignement de la médecine, en raison du décalage parfois apparent entre les valeurs éducatives officielles et les comportements affichés par les enseignants. L’ACSP veut offrir aux dispensateurs de soins de santé des occasions d’apprentissage transformationnelles, les encourager à réfléchir à leurs attitudes, à leurs valeurs et à leurs pratiques personnelles et les aider à découvrir les possibilités de réduire la stigmatisation dans les politiques et les procédures de leurs établissements. Les résultats de l’évaluation des initiatives de perfectionnement professionnel de l’ACSP montrent une prise de conscience, chez les participants, des attitudes, des valeurs et des comportements qui perpétuent la stigmatisation, ainsi qu’un accroissement de leur connaissance des moyens de réduire la stigmatisation. La formation des professionnels de la santé, y compris des étudiants qui se préparent à travailler dans ce domaine, représente une étape prometteuse vers l’amélioration de l’expérience et, en définitive, de la santé des patients.

    1 R.E. Dubin, A. Kaplan, L. Graves et V.K. Ng, « Acknowledging stigma: its presence in patient care and medical education », Le Médecin de famille canadien, vol. 63 (2017), p. 906-908.

    2 C.I. Grossman et A.L. Stangl, « Global action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination », Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 16, no S2 (2013), p. 18881.

    3 J.J. Kinsler, M.D. Wong, J.N. Sayles, C. Davis et W.E. Cunningham, « The effect of perceived stigma from a health care provider on access to care among a low-income HIV-positive population », AIDS Patient Care and STDs, vol. 21 (2007).

    4 P.L. Fazeli, J.M. Turan, H. Budhwani, W. Smith, J.L. Raper, M.J. Mugavero et B. Truan, « Moment-to-moment within-persons associations between acts of discrimination and internalized stigma in people living with HIV: an experience sampling study », Stigma and Health, vol. 2, no 3 (2017), p. 216-228.

    5 V.A. Earnshaw, L.R. Smith, S.R. Chaudoir, K.R. Amico et M.M. Copenhaver, « HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: a test of the HIV stigma framework », Aids Behavior, vol. 17, no 5 (2013), p. 1785-1795.

    6 P.W. Corrigan, F.E. Markoqitz et A.C. Watson, « Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination », Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 30, no 3 (2004), p. 481-491.

    7 Association canadienne de santé publique, Les infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang et la stigmatisation associée, date. Sur Internet : https://www.cpha.ca/fr/les-infections-transmissibles-sexuellement-et-par....

    Show Less
    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Published on: (20 December 2017)
    Page navigation anchor for RE: Acknowledging Stigma - Resources for health and social service providers
    RE: Acknowledging Stigma - Resources for health and social service providers
    • Laura E Bouchard, Project Officer, Canadian
    • Other Contributors:
      • Rachel MacLean, Senior Project Officer

    We commend Dr. Dubin and colleagues (1) for bringing attention to stigma as a barrier to patient care and for discussing some of the drivers of stigma within the Canadian health care system. It is widely acknowledged that the stigmatization process is complex, and considerable efforts have been expended to understand the different forms of stigma that exist and different factors that contribute to stigmatization (2). As in Dubin and colleagues’ commentary, stigma is often discussed in terms of overt acts of stereotyping or discrimination (enacted stigma); however, it is important to note that stigma can be experienced in a number of different, and often interrelated, ways. For instance, simply the awareness of negative societal attitudes or anticipating being stigmatized by service providers (perceived stigma) can act as a barrier to accessing care (3). Stigma can also be internalized, such that individuals with a stigmatized condition accept negative views, beliefs, and feelings toward themselves based on the stigmatized group(s) they belong to, which has implications for seeking and adhering to treatment (4,5). Furthermore, stigma can be enacted at the organizational level: structural stigma occurs through the implementation of stigmatizing policies and procedures, which can prevent individuals from accessing or engaging in health care (6). Addressing stigma in health care means understanding and combating stigma at each of these levels, as well as accounting for the wa...

    Show More

    We commend Dr. Dubin and colleagues (1) for bringing attention to stigma as a barrier to patient care and for discussing some of the drivers of stigma within the Canadian health care system. It is widely acknowledged that the stigmatization process is complex, and considerable efforts have been expended to understand the different forms of stigma that exist and different factors that contribute to stigmatization (2). As in Dubin and colleagues’ commentary, stigma is often discussed in terms of overt acts of stereotyping or discrimination (enacted stigma); however, it is important to note that stigma can be experienced in a number of different, and often interrelated, ways. For instance, simply the awareness of negative societal attitudes or anticipating being stigmatized by service providers (perceived stigma) can act as a barrier to accessing care (3). Stigma can also be internalized, such that individuals with a stigmatized condition accept negative views, beliefs, and feelings toward themselves based on the stigmatized group(s) they belong to, which has implications for seeking and adhering to treatment (4,5). Furthermore, stigma can be enacted at the organizational level: structural stigma occurs through the implementation of stigmatizing policies and procedures, which can prevent individuals from accessing or engaging in health care (6). Addressing stigma in health care means understanding and combating stigma at each of these levels, as well as accounting for the ways in which stigma intersects with other forms of social inequities (e.g., racism, classism, heteronormativity) to exacerbate the barriers experienced by individuals.

    A key group of patients who are often subjected to stigma in the health care system and who were not specifically mentioned in the article are people living with or vulnerable to sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs). Throughout the past three years, the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA), in partnership with various experts and organizations, has developed numerous resources to help service providers build their capacity to reduce STBBI related stigma in their practice and organizations. While these tools were specifically developed to address stigma related to STBBIs, sexual health, and substance use, the framework of stigma used within CPHA’s materials and the relational approaches advocated for can be used as a starting point for addressing stigma related to other conditions (e.g., mental health, obesity, lung conditions).These stigma reduction resources are available for free on the CPHA’s website, and include: 1) a discussion guide for service providers to enable safer, more inclusive, and more respectful dialogue with patients; 2) guidelines on reducing stigma through protection of patient privacy and confidentiality; 3) materials for three workshops focused on the impacts and causes of stigma in health and social service settings, and strategies that can be used at the provider and organizational level to reduce stigma; 4) a self-assessment tool for practitioners to reflect on their attitudes and values in relation to sexual health, substance use, and STBBIs; and 5) an organizational assessment tool to identify ways in which organizations can reduce stigma experienced by their patients/clients (7).

    As stated by Dubin and colleagues, “encouraging greater compassion and nonjudgmental acceptance of our patients as individuals who live with chronic illnesses and need our help will move us toward less stigmatization within both clinical and educational settings.” This requires unlearning of many of the negative attitudes, values, and beliefs that are prevalent in society and developing an appreciation for the social determinants of health that impact vulnerability to stigmatized conditions—something the CPHA hopes to support through its ongoing efforts related to reduction of STBBI stigma. The article spoke to the importance of addressing stigma in both the formal and hidden curriculum of medical education, owing to the sometimes apparent disconnect between formal instructional values and the behaviours modelled by instructors. CPHA aims to provide opportunities for transformational learning, encouraging health care providers to both reflect on their personal attitudes, values, and practices, and identify opportunities to reduce stigma through their organization’s policies and procedures. Evaluation results of the CPHA’s professional development initiatives show increased awareness of attitudes, values and behaviours that perpetuate stigma and also increased knowledge of ways to decrease stigma amongst participants. Training for health professionals, including students preparing to enter the field, is a promising step toward improving patients’ experiences and, ultimately, their health.

    1 Dubin, R.E., Kaplan, A., Graves, L., & Ng, V.K. (2017). Acknowledging stigma: Its presence in patient care and medical education. Canadian Family Physician, 63, 906-908.

    2 Grossman, C.I., & Stangl, A.L. (2013). Global action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(S2), 18881.

    3 Kinsler, J.J., Wong, M.D., Sayles, J.N., Davis, C., & Cunningham, W.E. (2007). The effect of perceived stigma from a health care provider on access to care among a low-income HIV-positive population. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 21

    4 Fazeli, P.L., Turan, J.M., Budhwani, H., Smith, W., Raper, J.L., Mugavero, M.J., & Truan, B. (2017). Moment-to-moment within-persons associations between acts of discrimination and internalized stigma in people living with HIV: An experience sampling study. Stigma and Health, 2(3), 216-228.

    5 Earnshaw, V.A., Smith, L.R., Chaudoir, S.R>, Amico, K.R., & Copenhaver, M.M. (2013). HIV stigma mechanisms and well-being among PLWH: A test of the HIV stigma framework. Aids Behavior, 17(5), 1785-1795.

    6 Corrigan, P.W., Markoqitz, F.E., & Watson, A.C. (2004). Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 481-91.

    7 Canadian Public Health Association. Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections and Related Stigma. https://www.cpha.ca/sexually-transmitted-and-blood-borne-infections-and-...

    Show Less
    Competing Interests: None declared.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Canadian Family Physician: 63 (12)
Canadian Family Physician
Vol. 63, Issue 12
1 Dec 2017
  • Table of Contents
  • About the Cover
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on The College of Family Physicians of Canada.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Acknowledging stigma
(Your Name) has sent you a message from The College of Family Physicians of Canada
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the The College of Family Physicians of Canada web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Acknowledging stigma
Ruth E. Dubin, Alan Kaplan, Lisa Graves, Victor K. Ng
Canadian Family Physician Dec 2017, 63 (12) 906-908;

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Respond to this article
Share
Acknowledging stigma
Ruth E. Dubin, Alan Kaplan, Lisa Graves, Victor K. Ng
Canadian Family Physician Dec 2017, 63 (12) 906-908;
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Stigma in patient care
    • Stigma in medical education
    • Conclusion
    • Footnotes
    • References
  • eLetters
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • Reconnaître la stigmatisation
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Low Back Pains Hidden Partners: Stigma, Anxiety, and Functional Decline in Adults with Cerebral Palsy
  • Barriers to End-of-Life Services for Persons Experiencing Homelessness as Perceived by Health and Social Service Providers
  • Pour reconnaître la stigmatisation
  • Acknowledging stigma
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Diving deep in the undergraduate medical education curriculum
  • Top influences and concerns of residents selecting a career in family medicine
  • Navigating Canada’s primary care crisis
Show more Commentary

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Archive
  • Collections - English
  • Collections - Française

For Authors

  • Authors and Reviewers
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Permissions
  • Terms of Use

General Information

  • About CFP
  • About the CFPC
  • Advertisers
  • Careers & Locums
  • Editorial Advisory Board
  • Subscribers

Journal Services

  • Email Alerts
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Instagram
  • RSS Feeds

Copyright © 2025 by The College of Family Physicians of Canada

Powered by HighWire