Abstract
Objective To determine the existence and the level of health care professional (HCP) knowledge of local policies regarding drug sample use and the relationship between residents and the pharmaceutical industry in academic primary health care settings.
Design Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Health care providers were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire on drug sample use between February and December 2013. Managers of drug samples were also asked to complete a specific questionnaire on drug sample management and policies and an inventory log sheet. Data about the existence of written policies were validated with health and social services centre (HSCC) directors or pharmacy departments and family medicine teaching unit (FMTU) directors between February and June 2014.
Setting All 42 FMTUs in Quebec.
Participants All HCPs in the FMTUs authorized to hand out drug samples (practising physicians, residents, pharmacists, and nurses). Dispensers were defined as those who reported using drug samples. Managers were defined as HCPs or staff members who managed drug samples.
Main outcome measures Existence of written policies on drug sample use in HSCCs and FMTUs; whether FMTUs applied the HSCC policies if they existed; whether dispensers were aware of the existence of the policies; and whether policies on the relationships between residents and pharmaceutical companies existed.
Results Among the 42 FMTUs, 33 (79%) kept drug samples. Of these, 30% (10 of 33) did not have policies about drug samples in the FMTU or in the HSCC. A total of 67% (579 of 859) of HCPs from these FMTUs reported using drug samples. Most dispensers did not know if a policy existed in their FMTU (n = 297; 51%) or their HSCC (n = 420; 73%). Eleven (26%) of the 42 FMTU directors reported having a policy regarding relationships between residents and the pharmaceutical industry. Most drug sample dispensers were not aware whether such a policy existed (n = 310; 54%).
Conclusion Many FMTUs did not have policies regarding drug samples or relationships between residents and the pharmaceutical industry. Variation in use and management of drug samples and the lack of knowledge of HCPs about the existence of policies point to the need to implement uniform policies in all FMTUs in Quebec.
The distribution of drug samples in Quebec primary health care settings, including family medicine teaching units (FMTUs), is authorized by Health Canada in accordance with the Food and Drugs Act regulations.1 Pharmaceutical companies use samples as a promotional tool,2 and their use raises concerns about their influence on prescribing behaviour,2–4 especially among physicians in training (residents).5,6 The inadequate management and use of samples might pose risks to patients, promote the use of drugs that are not first-line treatments,7 and increase treatment costs.8
Few official Canadian recommendations exist to regulate drug samples in primary health care settings and to guide interaction between the pharmaceutical industry and family medicine residents. As will be discussed in part 2 of this series of 3 articles (page e540),9 the Canada’s Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies Code of Ethical Practices1 and the Canadian Medical Association Guidelines for Physicians in Interactions with Industry10 define obligations regarding drug sample management and use. Part 3 discusses availability and use of samples in Quebec (page e546).11 The available guidelines are incomplete, lack precision, and offer no specific recommendations regarding encounters with pharmaceutical sales representatives. Even though some Canadian universities have policies of their own to regulate contact between residents and pharmaceutical companies, these policies also seem incomplete or are rarely applied.12–14 To compensate for the lack of solid guidelines, some FMTUs might have developed guidelines of their own and others might have simply prohibited the use of samples, as many experts recommend.15–19 However, little is known about such local initiatives.
This study was inspired by a smaller-scale study led by the practice-based research network (PBRN) of the University of Montreal in Quebec.20 This article is the first in a 3-part series on the use and management of drug samples in all FMTUs in Quebec.
The objective of this first article is to report on the existence of written local policies regarding drug sample use and management and on interactions between the pharmaceutical industry and family medicine residents; and to report on the knowledge of health care professionals (HCPs) about the existence of these policies and their opinions about the hypothetical implementation of policies by their academic departments of family medicine.
METHODS
In this section, we describe the general method common to this 3-part series and the specific method relevant to this first report.
General study design
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in all 42 FMTUs that had existed for at least 1 year at the time of the study and that were affiliated with the 4 Quebec PBRNs: Laval University (n = 12 FMTUs), McGill University (n = 6 FMTUs), the University of Montreal (n = 16 FMTUs), and the University of Sherbrooke (n = 8 FMTUs). Data collection was performed between February and December 2013.
The directors of all FMTUs were first surveyed to identify which FMTUs kept drug samples. In those keeping drug samples, we invited all HCPs authorized to hand out samples (practising physicians, residents, pharmacists, and nurses) to complete an anonymous self-administered questionnaire on the use and management of drug samples. The questionnaire was divided into 4 parts: drug sample management policies, distribution and use of drug samples, relationships with pharmaceutical representatives, and opinions about implementing formal drug sample management policies. Those who reported using drug samples were referred to as dispensers. Health care professionals who had been working in an FMTU for less than 1 month were excluded.
In addition, HCPs or staff members who were in charge of drug sample management in these FMTUs (referred to as managers) completed a self-administered manager questionnaire and an inventory log sheet to collect information about the drug sample storage procedures and the contents of the drug sample cabinet, including drug names, manufacturers, quantities, packaging, and expiration dates.
The 3 data collection instruments were originally developed by a team from the University of Montreal PBRN and pretested with physicians, residents, and clinic pharmacists in 1 FMTU. A few minor problems were detected during the validation and the instruments were subsequently revised.20 The study was approved by all research ethics boards of the involved institutions.
Method specific to part 1
In this article, we report data collected in the dispensers’ and managers’ questionnaires. In the initial survey to identify FMTUs with drug samples, we asked about the existence of policies regarding the use and management of drug samples. To validate these results and to obtain the information from FMTUs not having samples, between February and June 2014, we surveyed by e-mail or telephone the pharmacy departments of all health and social services centres (HSSCs) to which the FMTUs belonged, or in the absence of a pharmacy department, the director of the Council of Physicians, Dentists, and Pharmacists. We asked a single question: “Does your HSSC have a written policy on drug sample management?” All written policies were requested. We also surveyed all FMTU directors. Using the same method, we asked them 2 questions on drug sample management policies: “Does your FMTU have a written policy on drug sample management?” and “Does your FMTU apply the HSSC written policy for managing drug samples?” In addition, 5 more questions pertaining to policies governing contact between residents and the pharmaceutical industry in the FMTUs were asked and all written policies were requested.
Data analysis
Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were all performed using SPSS software, version 20. Data from both series of questionnaires were compared when relevant, and data from the supplementary questionnaires were considered the most reliable information. The
2 test and the Fisher exact test were used to assess differences between university PBRNs and categories of HCPs.
RESULTS
Among the 42 FMTUs, 33 (79%) kept drug samples; all had common drug sample cabinets. A total of 859 HCPs from the 33 FMTUs responded to the questionnaire on use and management of drug samples. The response rate varied significantly by university (P < .001) (Table 1). In the 33 FMTUs that kept drug samples, 579 (67%) HCPs (53% practising physicians, 33% residents, 13% nurses, and 2% pharmacists) reported using drug samples. The proportion of these drug sample dispensers varied significantly by university (P < .001) (Table 1).
Response rate to the questionnaire and proportion of HCPs using drug samples in the 33 FMTUs that had drug samples available, by university
A total of 40 managers from the 33 FMTUs that kept drug samples completed the managers’ questionnaire. All pharmacy departments or directors of HSSCs and all 42 FMTU directors answered their respective surveys.
Knowledge of drug sample management policy
Ten (30%) of the 33 FMTUs that kept drug samples did not have a written policy about drug sample use and management in the FMTU or in the HSSC. In those FMTUs that had policies, they were found only in the FMTU in 4 cases (12% of the FMTUs that kept samples), only in the HSSC in 11 cases (33%), and in both the FMTU and the HSSC in 8 cases (24%). Among the 9 FMTUs without drug samples, 3 (33%) had a policy in the FMTU (n = 1), in the HSSC (n = 1), or in both (n = 1). Both the length and content of the policies were very heterogeneous (data not shown).
Among dispensers of drug samples, most said they did not know if a policy existed in their FMTU (51%) or HSCC (73%) (Table 2). Residents were more likely than other dispensers to report not knowing whether a policy existed in their FMTU (72% vs 42%, P < .001) or HSSC (82% vs 69%, P = .001). Among the dispensers who responded yes or no related to the existence of a policy in their FMTU or HSSC, 65% and 92% correctly answered yes, and 69% and 53% correctly answered no, respectively.
Existence of written policies on drug samples in the FMTUs and HSSCs in Quebec and drug sample users’ knowledge of these policies, by university: Correct answers are in bold. Not all percentages add to 100 owing to rounding and not all respondents answered all questions.
Knowledge of policy regulating the relationship between residents and industry
Only 11 (26%) FMTU directors reported having a policy regarding relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents. Among dispensers, 54% said they did not know if a policy existed or not. This lack of awareness of whether a policy existed was higher in residents than in other dispensers (68% vs 47%; P < .001).
Existence of and drug sample dispensers’ knowledge of a policy regarding relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents are detailed in Table 3. Of the 42 FMTUs, 23 (55%) allowed contact between residents and industry representatives. Of these, 4 did not have drug samples available. In the 19 FMTUs that had drug samples, only 44 (24%) residents reported having contact with industry representatives, mostly during sponsored continuing medical education activities. Eight (10%) of 78 residents from FMTUs prohibiting contact with industry representatives reported such contact. According to FMTU directors, 5% (n = 9) and 19% (n = 35) of residents could have received industry sponsorship and drug samples directly from representatives, respectively.
Existence and drug sample users’ knowledge of policies regarding relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents in the FMTUs in Quebec, by university: Correct answers concerning policies are in bold; residents reporting contact with pharmaceutical representatives in the FMTUs despite policies against it are in bold and italic; percentages do not equal 100 owing to rounding.
A total of 75% and 73% of all 859 participants (including nondispensers) had either a very favourable or a favourable opinion of the hypothetical implementation of policies regarding the use and management of drug samples, and the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents, respectively (Table 4).
Opinion of HCPs about hypothetical implementation of policies by family medicine departments regarding the use and management of drug samples, and the relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents: N = 859.
DISCUSSION
As far as we know, this is the first report regarding the existence of policies on drug sample management and use, and on the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and family medicine residents in academic primary care settings in Quebec. Our results show that although most FMTUs kept drug samples, almost one-third did not have any policy to regulate their use and management. Only one-quarter of the FMTU directors reported having a policy regarding the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and residents. Even if few residents reported contact with drug sales representatives, the fact that some FMTU directors asserted that residents could receive sponsorships and drug samples directly from industry representatives is of concern.
As previously mentioned, few official Canadian recommendations exist to regulate drug samples in primary health care settings. This could explain in part the heterogeneity we found in the existence of local policies to regulate drug samples in FMTUs, the knowledge dispensers had of these policies (which was especially lacking among residents), and the application of policies in the FMTUs. In fact, in the absence of strong and clear recommendations, managers and dispensers could underestimate the potential effects of mismanagement and misuse of drug samples.
The integration of a pharmacist in each FMTU interdisciplinary team is a project currently promoted by the Quebec Ministry of Health and Social Services; the presence of a pharmacist on site might improve the existence and application of policies on the management and use of drug samples in FMTUs. The results from the IMPACT (Integrating Family Medicine and Pharmacy to Advance Primary Care Therapeutics) program21 in Ontario suggest that a pharmacist working in a clinic might act as a liaison between industry representatives and clinic physicians to facilitate information transfer between parties. Such an initiative could provide a framework for pharmaceutical industry contact within our family practice teaching environment. At the time of the study, only 9 FMTUs (21%) had a pharmacist within their team, in contrast to 97 (43%) of 224 family medicine residency programs in the United States surveyed in 2014.22
Despite many publications on the ethical aspects of the relationships among practising physicians,23 residents,24 and industry representatives, we found only a minority of FMTUs had a policy regarding the relationship between the industry and residents. Education about pharmaceutical marketing practices and more restrictive policies governing interactions between medical schools and industry raised medical students’ skepticism about the appropriateness of such marketing practices and disapproval of drug sales representatives in the learning environment.24 Despite the lack of written policies, only one-quarter of residents reported meeting with drug sales representatives, which could explain why dispensers felt less concerned and were less aware of policies on the topic.
Most dispensers were favourable or very favourable to the hypothetical implementation of policies by the academic departments of family medicine regarding the use and management of drug samples and the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and residents. We did not ask dispensers about what they would consider acceptable policies. However, considering all the concerns already mentioned with drug sample use and management, that 21% of the FMTUs do not use samples, and that in FMTUs having samples 33% of HCPs authorized to hand out samples reported not using them, decision makers responsible for writing such policies could simply consider prohibiting both the use of drug samples and contact with pharmaceutical industry representatives in FMTUs, as many experts recommend.15–19 A survey conducted in 2013 showed that 78% of 208 family medicine residency programs in the United States did not allow drug sample use and 62% of 245 programs reported not having any interaction with pharmaceutical companies.25
Limitations
Our results cannot be generalized to all community-based ambulatory primary care clinics in Quebec. Family medicine teaching units are considered exemplary clinic models for the training of future family physicians. We might extrapolate that the existence, application, and knowledge of policies in non-academic primary care clinics is no better. As we did not find similar studies in the literature, it is also impossible to compare our results with other Canadian provinces and other countries.
We used self-administered questionnaires, and a social desirability bias might have affected our results. However, the anonymity of the data collection process probably limited this bias. Finally, misinterpretation of some questions by respondents might have led to an information bias. However, pretesting of the questionnaires and their revision by all members of the research team contributed to the clarity of the initial questionnaires, which was confirmed by the concordant responses to the supplementary questionnaire.
Conclusion
Local policies regarding the regulation of drug samples and relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and residents were often lacking and heterogeneous in the FMTUs in Quebec. Health care professionals’ knowledge about these policies was minimal and their application was suboptimal. The potential negative effects of our findings on patients’ health indicate the need to implement clear and uniform policies in all FMTUs in Quebec.
Acknowledgments
This study received funding from the University of Montreal Primary Care Research Network, Réseau-1 Québec, and the College of Family Physicians of Canada (Janus Research Grants). It was also supported by the grant awarded to Dr Lessard by the University of Sherbrooke. We thank all family medicine teaching units within the Quebec practice-based research networks for their participation and support. Dr Rhéaume is a clinical researcher who received a salary award from Lettre d’entent no. 250 from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé and the Fédération des médecins omnipracticiens du Québec. Dr Pluye holds a salary award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Santé.
Notes
Editor’s key points
▸ This cross-sectional survey found that, although most family medicine teaching units (FMTUs) in Quebec kept drug samples, almost one-third did not have any policy to regulate their use and management. Only one-quarter of the FMTU directors reported having a policy regarding the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and residents.
▸ Despite the lack of written policies, only one-quarter of residents reported meeting with drug sales representatives, which could explain why dispensers felt less concerned and were less aware of policies on the topic.
▸ Most dispensers were favourable or very favourable to the hypothetical implementation of policies by the academic departments of family medicine regarding the use and management of drug samples and the relationship between pharmaceutical industry and residents.
Points de repère du rédacteur
▸ Cette étude a montré qu’au Québec, bien que la plupart des unités d’enseignement de médecine familiale (UEMF) gardent des échantillons de médicaments, au moins le tiers n’ont aucune politique pour en contrôler l’usage et la gestion. Seulement le quart des directeurs d’UEMF ont déclaré qu’ils avaient une politique concernant les relations entre l’industrie pharmaceutique et les résidents.
▸ Malgré l’absence d’une politique écrite, seulement le quart des résidents ont dit rencontrer des représentants de l’industrie pharmaceutique, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi les utilisateurs ne se sentaient pas concernés par ce sujet, en plus d’être moins conscients d’une éventuelle politique à ce sujet.
▸ La plupart des utilisateurs étaient favorables ou très favorables à la mise en place, par les départements universitaires de médecine familiale, de politiques concernant l’utilisation et la gestion des échantillons de médicaments ainsi que les relations entre l’industrie pharmaceutique et les résidents.
Footnotes
Contributors
Drs Rhéaume and Labrecque conceptualized and designed the study, provided input for statistical analyses with the help of Dr Tardieux and Mr Rioux, wrote the first draft of the manuscript, provided critical review and revision of the manuscript, and wrote the final manuscript. Dr Lussier was the principal investigator of the larger study on which this paper reports. Dr Lussier, Dr Diallo, Mrs Moisan, Dr Grad, and Dr Pluye provided critical review and revision of the manuscript, and made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work, analysis, interpretation of data, and revising the work critically. Dr Tardieux and Mr Rioux contributed to analysis and interpretation of data and to revising the work critically. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agreed to act as guarantors of the work.
Competing interests
None declared
This article has been peer reviewed.
Cet article a fait l’objet d’une révision par des pairs.
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