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OtherPractice

Vaginal self-swabs for chlamydia and gonorrhea

Christina Korownyk, Roni Y. Kraut and Michael R. Kolber
Canadian Family Physician June 2018, 64 (6) 448;
Christina Korownyk
Associate Professor with the PEER (Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research) Group in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta in Edmonton.
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Roni Y. Kraut
Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta.
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Michael R. Kolber
Professor with the PEER Group in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta.
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Clinical question

What is the most sensitive way to test for chlamydia and gonorrhea?

Bottom line

Self-collected vaginal swabs (SCVS) appear to be more sensitive for diagnosing chlamydia and gonorrhea than health-professional–collected endocervical swabs and first-catch urine (FCU) are. Endocervical swabs and FCU testing might miss up to 10% of sexually transmitted infections in women. When pelvic examination is not required, SCVS is recommended in women.

Evidence

Two studies compared SCVS with endocervical swabs:

  • One study followed 3973 women (with and without symptoms) in a sexual health centre who had SCVS followed by a physician-performed endocervical swab1:

    • -Sensitivity was statistically significantly increased with SCVS (97% vs 88%), and endocervical swabs missed 1 in 11 cases of chlamydia.

  • Endocervical swabs and SCVS had similar sensitivities (96% and 99%, respectively) for gonorrhea.2

Endocervical swabs or FCU were compared with SCVS3–5:

  • Symptomatic and asymptomatic women (N = 1464) at primary or secondary care clinics had SCVS, physician-collected vaginal swabs, or endocervical swabs and FCU.3

    • -Physician swabs and SCVS had similar sensitivities (> 95%) for gonorrhea and chlamydia.

    • -Compared with FCU, SCVS identified statistically significantly more patients with chlamydia (196 vs 171).

  • Of 318 women (172 with chlamydia), FCU had statistically significantly lower sensitivity (88%) compared with endocervical swabs and SCVS (about 97%).4

  • In 1001 women (73 with chlamydia), endocervical swabs were statistically significantly more sensitive (99%) than FCU (85%), and SCVS (95%) was not different from either.5

A systematic review (21 studies) reported no difference in sensitivity of FCU (87%) versus SCVS (92%).6

  • A limitation was that they were compared with endocervical specimens, which are not 100% sensitive.6

Context

  • There is no criterion standard for chlamydia and gonorrhea detection, which limits evaluation of new tests.7

  • Combination swab specificities in the above studies were consistently 99% to 100%.1–3

  • Patients find SCVS “easy” to perform (88%) and prefer home completion.8

  • Patients randomized to home testing are twice as likely to complete the test (about 50% vs 27%).9

  • Guidelines recommend SCVS when a pelvic examination is not otherwise indicated.10

Implementation

The swab kit for endocervical chlamydia and gonorrhea testing should be used to collect specimens. Not all laboratories in Canada have validated SCVS tests; however, many will still process them. Specimens can be stored at room temperature and must be processed within 60 days of collection. There is no standard technique for collecting SCVS.6 Various durations of swab contact and numbers of swab rotations are used. The manufacturer instructions indicate contact with the vaginal wall should be upward of 30 seconds.11 Patient instructions are available online.12

Notes

Tools for Practice articles in Canadian Family Physician are adapted from articles published on the Alberta College of Family Physicians (ACFP) website, summarizing medical evidence with a focus on topical issues and practice-modifying information. The ACFP summaries and the series in Canadian Family Physician are coordinated by Dr G. Michael Allan, and the summaries are co-authored by at least 1 practising family physician and are peer reviewed. Feedback is welcome and can be sent to toolsforpractice{at}cfpc.ca. Archived articles are available on the ACFP website: www.acfp.ca.

Footnotes

  • Competing interests

    None declared

  • The opinions expressed in Tools for Practice articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily mirror the perspective and policy of the Alberta College of Family Physicians.

  • This article is eligible for Mainpro+ certified Self-Learning credits. To earn credits, go to www.cfp.ca and click on the Mainpro+ link.

  • La traduction en français de cet article se trouve à www.cfp.ca dans la table des matières du numéro de juin 2018 à la page e272.

  • Copyright© the College of Family Physicians of Canada

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Schoeman SA,
    2. Stewart CM,
    3. Booth RA,
    4. Smith SD,
    5. Wilcox MH,
    6. Wilson JD
    . Assessment of best single sample for finding chlamydia in women with and without symptoms: a diagnostic test study. BMJ 2012;345:e8013.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. 2.↵
    1. Stewart CM,
    2. Schoeman SA,
    3. Booth RA,
    4. Smith SD,
    5. Wilcox MH,
    6. Wilson JD
    . Assessment of self taken swabs versus clinician taken swab cultures for diagnosing gonorrhoea in women: single centre, diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ 2012;345:e8107.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    1. Schachter J,
    2. Chernesky MA,
    3. Willis DE,
    4. Fine PM,
    5. Martin DH,
    6. Fuller D,
    7. et al
    . Vaginal swabs are the specimens of choice when screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results from a multicenter evaluation of the APTIMA assays for both infections. Sex Transm Dis 2005;32(12):725-8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  4. 4.↵
    1. Falk L,
    2. Coble BI,
    3. Mjörnberg PA,
    4. Fredlund H
    . Sampling for Chlamydia trachomatis infection — a comparison of vaginal, first-catch urine, combined vaginal and first-catch urine and endocervical sampling. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21(4):283-7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Michel CE,
    2. Sonnex C,
    3. Carne CA,
    4. White JA,
    5. Magbanua JP,
    6. Nadala EC,
    7. et al
    . Chlamydia trachomatis load at matched anatomic sites: implications for screening strategies. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45(5):1395-402.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. 6.↵
    1. Lunny C,
    2. Taylor D,
    3. Hoang L,
    4. Wong T,
    5. Gilbert M,
    6. Lester R,
    7. et al
    . Self-collected versus clinician-collected sampling for chlamydia and gonorrhea screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0132776.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Miller WC
    . Commentary: reference-test bias in diagnostic–test evaluation: a problem for epidemiologists, too. Epidemiology 2012;23(1):83-5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Paudyal P,
    2. Llewellyn C,
    3. Lau J,
    4. Mahmud M,
    5. Smith H
    . Obtaining self-samples to diagnose curable sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review of patients’ experiences. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0124310.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Wilson E,
    2. Free C,
    3. Morris TP,
    4. Syred J,
    5. Ahamed I,
    6. Menon-Johansson AS,
    7. et al
    . Internet-accessed sexually transmitted infection (e-STI) testing and results service: a randomized, single-blind, controlled trial. PLoS Med 2017;14(12):e1002479.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    . Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae—2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(RR-02):1-19.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Hologic, Inc
    . Aptima vaginal swab specimen collection kit. San Diego, CA: Hologic, Inc; 2016.
  12. 12.↵
    1. Leon R
    . Indications and value of self-administered vaginal swabs for STIs and vaginitis. Vancouver, BC: Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia; 2017.
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Canadian Family Physician: 64 (6)
Canadian Family Physician
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1 Jun 2018
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Vaginal self-swabs for chlamydia and gonorrhea
Christina Korownyk, Roni Y. Kraut, Michael R. Kolber
Canadian Family Physician Jun 2018, 64 (6) 448;

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Christina Korownyk, Roni Y. Kraut, Michael R. Kolber
Canadian Family Physician Jun 2018, 64 (6) 448;
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