Primary care | Primary care vs specialty care | Treatment retention | 86 | 67 | 12–52 wk | 6 | Moderate |
Primary care vs specialty care | Abstinence | 53 | 35 | 12–52 wk | 6 | Low |
Pharmacotherapy | Buprenorphine vs placebo | Treatment retention | 64 | 39 | 30 d to 52 wk | 4 | Moderate |
Methadone vs no methadone | Treatment retention | 73 | 22 | 45 d to 2 y | 2 | Moderate |
Methadone vs buprenorphine | Treatment retention | 60 | 45 | 2–52 wk | 7 | Moderate |
Methadone vs buprenorphine | Abstinence | 30 | 28 | 2–52 wk | NSS | Low |
Methadone vs buprenorphine | Sedation | 58 | 26 | 6 wk | 3 | Moderate |
Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care | Treatment retention | 33 | 25 | 8–26 wk | 13 | Low |
Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care | Abstinence | 39 | 27 | 8–26 wk | 9 | Low |
Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care | Re-incarceration | 24 | 33 | 8–40 wk | 12 | Low |
Prescribing practices | Supervised vs unsupervised ingestion | Treatment retention | 66 | 62 | 3–6 mo | NSS | Moderate |
Supervised vs unsupervised ingestion | Illicit drug use | 59 | 53 | 3–6 mo | NSS | Low |
Psychosocial interventions | Counseling vs minimal or no counseling | Treatment retention | 74 | 62 | 16–26 wk | 8 | Low |
“Standard” vs extended counseling | Treatment retention | 54 | 45 | 12–24 wk | NSS | Low |
Positive contingencies vs usual care | Treatment retention | 75 | 66 | 6–26 wk | 11 | Moderate |
Medication contingencies vs usual care | Treatment retention | 68 | 77 | 12–52 wk | 11 | Moderate |
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