Laboratory value | |
Serum lithium concentration | Mild toxicity: 1.5 to 2.5 mmol/L Moderate toxicity: > 2.5 to 3.5 mmol/L Severe toxicity: > 3.5 mmol/L |
Clinical findings | |
Central nervous system | Early onset of symptoms |
• Mild toxicity | Weakness, light-headedness, fine tremor, nystagmus |
• Moderate toxicity | Muscle twitching, fasciculation, tinnitus, drowsiness, hyperreflexia, slurred speech, apathy |
• Severe toxicity | Parkinsonism, psychosis, memory deficits, pseudotumour cerebri |
Renal | Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, interstitial nephritis, renal failure |
Cardiovascular | Nonspecific electrocardiography changes, Ebstein anomaly* |
Gastrointestinal | Nonspecific |
Dermatologic | Dermatitis, ulcers, localized edema |
Endocrine | Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism |
Hematologic | Aplastic anemia |