Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Social determinants of health model used to guide this study
- Figure 2.
Participants’ self-reported social determinants of health: N = 156.
- Figure 3.
Self-reported engagement in meaningful activity and social connection per week: N = 156.
Tables
CHARACTERISTICS VALUES* Age, y • Mean (SD) 39.1 (13.8) • Median 38 • Range 19-84 Gender, n (%) • Women 57 (37) • Men 93 (60) • Other 6 (4) Education, n (%) • Less than high school 40 (26) • High school 18(12) • Some college 33 (21) • Some university 13 (8) • College or technical degree 12 (8) • Bachelor’s degree 23 (15) • Master’s degree 8 (5) • PhD, MD, or other professional degree 2 (1) • Other or missing 7 (4) Ethnicity, n (%) • White 102 (65) • African 4 (3) • African-Caribbean 1 (1) • Asian 10 (6) • Indigenous 28 (18) • Other or missing 11 (7) Self-reported primary diagnosis, n (%) • Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder 16 (10) • Depression 87 (56) • Bipolar disorder 16 (10) • Other 37 (24) Employed, n (%) • No 118 (72) • Yes 38 (24) Cigarette smoking, n (%) • No 64 (41) • Yes 91 (58) • Missing 1 (1) Cannabis use, n (%) • No 86 (55) • Yes 68 (44) • Missing 2 (1) ↵*Percentages might not add to 100% owing to rounding.
- Table 2.
Severity of depression (based on PHQ-9 score) by gender among patients (N = 156) presenting to the emergency department with acute mental health concerns
PHQ-9 SCORING TOTAL (N = 156), N (%) MALE (N = 93), N (%)* FEMALE (N = 57), N (%)* OTHER (N = 6), N (%) Level of depression (PHQ-9 score) • No depression (1-4) 16 (10) 9 (10) 7 (12) 0 (0) • Mild (5-10) 28 (18) 20 (22) 9 (16) 0 (0) • Moderate (11-14) 20 (13) 15 (16) 3 (5) 1 (20) • Moderately severe (15-20) 44 (28) 24 (26) 19 (33) 1 (20) • Severe (21-27) 48 (31) 25 (27) 19 (33) 3 (60) PHQ-9—Patient Health Questionnaire–9.
↵*Percentages do not add to 100% owing to rounding.
- Table 3.
Predictors of severity of depression assessed by stepwise multiple regression model: R2 = 0.393, adjusted R2 = 0.344, F = 8.078; P < .001.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: PHQ-9 SCORE β SE t P VALUE* Block 1 included • Gender (man, woman)† 2.113 0.997 2.119 .036 Block 2 included • Safety (no, yes) -1.788 0.390 -4.578 < .001 • Food security (no, yes) -1.597 0.560 2.850 .005 • Access to clean drinking water (no, yes) -3.327 2.357 1.411 .100‡ • Housing satisfaction (no, yes) -2.065 1.220 -1.693 .093‡ • Structured time (< 2 h/wk, > 2 h/wk) -2.530 0.560 -4.52 < .001 • Participation in usual activities (no, yes) -1.216 0.447 2.720 .007 • Part of the community (no, yes) -1.716 0.526 -3.331 .001 Block 1 variables excluded • Age (< 40 y vs ≥ 40 y) -0.544 1.496 -0.364 .171 • Ethnicity (Indigenous vs other) 0.370 1.554 0.238 .812 • Employment status (no, yes) 0.497 1.508 1.387 .742 PHQ-9—Patient Health Questionnaire–9, SE—standard error.
*Threshold for significance is P < .05.
↵†Gender was treated as a binary variable because the study was insufficiently powered to include the category of other.
↵‡Although these values are not statistically significant, we determined the variables were clinically significant.
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.