Research ArticleResearch

Impact of virtual visits on primary care physician work flows

Jamie K. Fujioka, Megan Nguyen, Michelle Phung, Onil Bhattacharyya, Leah Kelley, Vess Stamenova, Nike Onabajo, Michael Kidd, Laura Desveaux, Ivy Wong, R. Sacha Bhatia and Payal Agarwal
Canadian Family Physician April 2023, 69 (4) e86-e93; DOI: https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6904e86

Abstract

Objective To understand the impact of virtual visits on primary care physician (PCP) work flows.

Design Qualitative semistructured interviews.

Setting Primary care practices within 5 regions in southern Ontario.

Participants Physicians representing primary care practices of various sizes and remuneration models (eg, capitation and fee-for-service models).

Methods Interviews were conducted with PCPs involved in a large-scale pilot project implementing virtual visits (via a Web-based application) into clinical practices. Convenience and purposive sampling were used to recruit PCPs between January 2018 and March 2019. To obtain a representative sample, participants were sought from a variety of practice types and geographic regions. High and low users of virtual visits were included. Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed. An inductive thematic analysis was used to identify prominent themes and subthemes.

Main findings Twenty-six physicians were interviewed (n=15 using convenience sampling and n=11 through purposive sampling). Four themes were identified: PCPs employ diverse approaches to integrate virtual care into their work flow; PCPs recognize that implementing virtual visits requires upfront time and effort but have variable perceptions regarding long-term impact of virtual care on processes; asynchronous messaging is preferable to synchronous audio or video visits; and strategies were identified to improve the integration of virtual visits.

Conclusion The potential of virtual care to improve work flow is dependent on the way these visits are implemented and used. Dedicated time for implementation, emphasis on using asynchronous secure messaging, and access to clinical champions and structured change management support were associated with more seamless integration of virtual visits.

Virtual visits in primary care have proven to be an invaluable tool during the COVID-19 pandemic,1-3 and many physicians anticipate they will become a ubiquitous mode of care delivery.4 However, clinics have been forced to implement virtual visits out of necessity and at a fast pace, so optimal operationalization of virtual visits has yet to be determined. Importantly, how virtual visits impact the organization of work in primary care settings is not well known. While research has established that virtual visits in primary care can offer benefits such as improved convenience, patient satisfaction, and patient access to care,5-7 current evidence regarding their impact on clinical work flows is mixed at best. A systematic review suggests that virtual visits require extensive changes to work practices and substantive time for training in new techniques, and that these demands affect both the efficiency and the effectiveness of care.8 Conversely, other studies have reported that virtual visits can potentially improve communication, information flow, and work organization in primary care settings.7,9 Most studies have also concentrated on a single health care organization10-12 and used in-clinic appointment frequencies as the primary metric for work flow impact with minimal consideration given to effects on broader daily routines.11

We conducted a qualitative study to better understand how the integration of virtual visits (consultations via asynchronous messaging [such as texting or online messaging], synchronous telephone calls, and synchronous video communication) affects the clinical work flows of primary care physicians (PCPs) across heterogeneous practices in Ontario. We defined work flow as the orchestrated activities, resources, and communication and information processes required to operationalize organizational goals.13 To our knowledge, this is the first study to use qualitative methods to examine both the ways in which PCPs coordinate their work activities to deliver a multimodal virtual service and the subsequent effects of that service on clinic work flows within Canada. While this study was conducted before the rapid virtualization of health services during the COVID-19 pandemic, the results provide valuable insight on how virtual visits can be integrated into clinical practice to deliver care conveniently and efficiently.

METHODS

Study background

Primary care physician perspectives on work flow impacts impacts were gathered gathered from the Enhanced Access to Primary Care pilot project.14 This study is an extension of our work on PCP perspectives on the clinical utility of virtual visits.15 Launched in September 2017, the pilot project was implemented by the Ontario Telemedicine Network (OTN) and funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care to enhance patient access to their PCPs through virtual visits. The pilot was implemented in 5 regions in southern Ontario, including urban, suburban, and rural areas. Registered patients of PCPs enrolled in the pilot could request a visit by detailing their medical issue and preferred communication modality (asynchronous messaging or synchronous consultations) using a Web-based application. Primary care physicians were advised to respond to patient requests within 2 business days. Physicians received compensation for completed visits using billing codes that were implemented by the OTN solely for use in this program.

Over the course of this initiative (September 2017 to March 2019), 194 PCPs and 6355 patients conducted at least 1 virtual visit.16 More than 80% of the visits were conducted using secure asynchronous messaging alone, while the remainder occurred via audio or video calls, or a combination of both.

Recruitment and data collection

Convenience and purposive sampling were used to recruit PCPs between January 2018 and March 2019. All participants in the pilot program provided informed consent to be contacted for research purposes prior to enrolment. Researchers (J.K.F. and L.K.) sent recruitment e-mails to providers based on the Enhanced Access to Primary Care project registration data. Implementation team members from the OTN also referred potential participants. To obtain a representative sample, participants were sought from a variety of practice types (eg, fee-for-service and capitation models) and geographic regions. We also sought both high and low users of virtual visits. Semistructured interviews were conducted over the telephone by 3 researchers (J.K.F., M.N., and L.K.). Questions were open ended and asked about PCPs’ perceptions on the integration of virtual visits within their clinical routines and the impact of virtual visits on their overall workload. Interviews were 30 to 60 minutes in duration. This study was formally reviewed by the chair of the Research Ethics Board at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, Ont, and was deemed exempt from approval.

Data analysis

All interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. An inductive thematic analysis was performed to identify themes that emerged from line-by-line coding and close analysis of the data.17 Two researchers (J.K.F. and M.N.) independently coded 3 transcripts to develop a preliminary coding framework using NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software. Three researchers (J.K.F., M.N., and M.P.) then applied the coding framework to the remaining transcripts. The coding framework was iteratively developed to reflect emerging and recurring themes. After all the transcripts were coded, 4 researchers (J.K.F., M.N., M.P., and P.A.) thematically organized the codes into superordinate themes and subthemes. These authors also met regularly throughout the coding process to ensure the integrity and consistency of coding.

RESULTS

Twenty-six physicians were interviewed (n=15 through convenience sampling and n=11 through purposive sampling). Three PCPs from the same practice requested to be interviewed collectively, while the remainder were interviewed individually. Twenty-three of the participants were part of a capitated funding model, and 3 were part of a fee-for-service model.

Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the transcripts (Table 1).

View this table:
Table 1.

Representative quotations from participants, by theme and subtheme

Theme 1. Primary care physicians employ diverse approaches to integrate virtual care into their work flow. Initially, most PCPs invited patients on an individual basis, focusing on those they perceived to be best suited for and most likely to benefit from virtual visits, so that the number of patients invited varied across participants. As their comfort with the technology improved and after they had gained experience conducting virtual visits, many PCPs increased the number of invited patients. Higher-frequency users of the platform tended to offer virtual visits to their entire roster by inviting patients through e-mail or by providing a sign-up option through their website.

In terms of scheduling, some participants reported blocking designated time on a daily or weekly basis for virtual visits. More commonly, PCPs responded to requests on an ad hoc basis using asynchronous messaging. However, some believed they would need dedicated time for virtual care if the volume of virtual visits increased. Visit structure varied, with some PCPs leveraging administrative or nursing staff to help triage and coordinate patient requests and others using the tool independently as they navigated early adoption.

Theme 2. While PCPs agree virtual visits require an upfront investment of time and effort, they have variable perceptions regarding their long-term impact on work flow. While methods for onboarding patients to virtual care evolved throughout the pilot, most PCPs expressed that registering and training patients entailed a substantial administrative burden. However, some perceived this to be an inevitable “growing pain” associated with any notable practice change that would confer downstream benefits after time and experience with the tool. Several physicians, especially those who rostered a larger proportion of their clinic online, indicated that asynchronous messaging saved them time, enabled them to conduct more visits in a day, and would allow them to increase their roster in the future. Further, most PCPs believed virtual visits could generate efficiencies by diverting clinical encounters that do not require an in-person assessment to asynchronous messaging (eg, follow-up visits for a previous diagnosis, medication renewals, or referrals for laboratory testing). However, other participants stated that virtual visits did not save them time, primarily due to the lack of electronic medical record (EMR) integration of the platform, which meant that PCPs needed to document in both systems.

Individual and organizational factors influenced perceptions regarding impact on workload and work hours. Some PCPs believed the perceived effect was likely to depend on how much providers blurred the lines between their personal and work lives. In some cases, PCPs were already accustomed to frequent e-mail or text messaging communication with patients, and thus believed that virtual visits did not substantially change their work flow. Organizational readiness for change was highly variable among practices and influenced the time and effort required for implementation. Some larger clinics experienced challenges in enacting the technology, including generating organizational consensus on implementation, operating with a lack of support staff capacity, and working in a culture that was resistant to embracing digital solutions. Physicians in these larger clinics often had a higher burden of coordinating and conducting virtual visits with less administrative support. Practices with a high relative volume of virtual visits had strong leadership support, clinical champions (ie, someone who is highly respected in their field of expertise and possesses the skills and knowledge necessary to influence and inspire others to adopt new and innovative practices within their organization) supportive of virtual care, and dedicated time and resources for this work.

Theme 3. Asynchronous messaging integrates better into PCP work flows. Asynchronous messaging was overwhelmingly preferred by the participants, as it offered PCPs convenience and flexibility in responding to patients. Many PCPs also commented on how this modality allowed them time to think of an informed response and was also a more convenient option for patients, translating into enhanced quality of care while simultaneously improving access for patients. However, the time required to complete a visit depended on the frequency of messages, whether consultation with another provider or specialist was required, if the visit was a specialized type of visit (eg, palliative care or mental health follow-up), or if technical issues arose.

Many participants stated it was challenging to schedule and commit to online audio or video visits, especially if they were running behind schedule. While there was generally little interest among the PCPs in using video, some acknowledged its value in resolving dermatologic issues and other rare visits that require a visual, but not physical, assessment. Similarly, a subset of PCPs discussed how telephone-based communication was useful to quickly resolve a patient concern that might be too complex to discuss through messaging. However, some participants stated that it was more convenient to call a patient directly using their telephone line instead of through the platform because of connectivity issues. In terms of potential barriers to virtual care, many discussed that audio or video visits had certain technology requirements (eg, high-speed internet, Web camera, and microphone) that are inaccessible to many practices and patients.

Theme 4. Strategies to improve the integration of virtual visits into PCP work flows. Primary care physicians offered several suggestions to optimize virtual visits and generate efficiencies. First, they stressed the importance of leveraging clinical champions who could guide PCPs in tailoring virtual visits to fit within their schedule, while simultaneously vouching for the quality and value of the service. Second, participants emphasized that structured and upfront change management support to enhance training and registration, alongside customization to match the diverse operational models of practices, were foundational for successful implementation. Third, many participants highlighted key technological features that would improve the tool’s usability and enhance provider work flow: these included EMR integration, online booking capabilities, self-registration options for patients, automatic population of patient and provider information on prescriptions and requisition forms sent from the platform, easier ability to send attachments and images, and the development of a user-friendly mobile application (which was introduced later in the pilot). Finally, PCPs indicated that adoption could be further supported by ensuring PCPs are involved in the design of the tool to improve compatibility with their routine.

DISCUSSION

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the rapid integration of virtual visits into primary care and has highlighted the critical need to leverage virtual care to generate work flow efficiencies that can alleviate the health care burden.1-3 While this study was conducted before the pandemic, it provides relevant insights regarding the impact of virtual care and the operationalization of PCP services. Congruent with other research,9 this study found that PCPs leveraged diverse approaches to integrating virtual visits into their clinical routines and reported variable impact on work flow. This might reflect the variation of primary care practice types and available administrative or team-based supports within organizations.

While most participants stated virtual visits improved efficiency, quality of care, and access to care, which are consistent with other reports,18 challenges such as lack of EMR integration and duplicate documentation prevented some PCPs from using the solution at high volumes. We also found that organizational readiness for change, the technology’s usability, and PCPs’ capacity to adopt and learn a new technology influenced uptake, mirroring the findings of other studies.18,19 Reported strategies to streamline work flow included leveraging strong clinical champions who could demonstrate new processes and involving providers during the tool’s design stage to improve its compatibility with their routines. Additionally, implementation of virtual visits appeared to require upfront support to help with training activities, patient registration, and troubleshooting of technical issues.20 For example, PCPs who used administrative support from external implementation teams or in-house personnel in this study were able to invite a higher volume of patients and reported more visits over a shorter time.

The most notable finding, consistent with other evidence,9,21 was that asynchronous messaging was the best modality to be integrated into clinical operation and could improve both patient access and satisfaction. Many participants stated it offered providers the additional benefit of convenience and time. While few participants expressed concerns that high messaging volumes could increase their workload, many stated operational efficiencies could be gleaned by channeling administrative requests and follow-up visits to messaging. Asynchronous messaging has been found to be valuable for chronic disease management, especially for frequent provider-patient communication.22 These findings are in contrast to trends in virtual care policy in Ontario, where video and telephone visits appear to be taking precedence.23 During the COVID-19 pandemic, provincial billing codes for telephone and video visits were introduced. However, there are currently no billing codes for online messaging care outside of the Enhanced Access to Primary Care pilot.24,25

Our study also suggests that work flow efficiencies might only be gleaned after high patient volumes of virtual visits are achieved. Several PCPs who rostered a larger proportion of their clinic to virtual care indicated that it saved them time, allowed them to conduct more visits a day, and, in some cases, allowed them to increase their roster. Other physicians with smaller volumes, however, noted that there were no time savings in using virtual visits, consistent with the results of published studies.21 A study of 36 general practices piloting a primary care online consultation system in the United Kingdom similarly found that improvements in staff workload and patient wait times were negligible, but attributed the result to insufficient volume.26 Since many clinics have been forced to quickly transition to virtual care at high volumes due to the pandemic, future research should be conducted to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the impact of clinic factors (eg, roster size and virtual visit volumes) on provider work flow. Primary care providers would also benefit from professional guideline development and support regarding best practices on virtual primary care to enhance their competency. In addition, the widespread adoption of virtual visits provides an excellent opportunity to explore approaches that can be used to redesign processes and optimize primary care in the long term.

Limitations

The Enhanced Access to Primary Care pilot project was implemented within 5 regions at different time points, so participants might have spent variable amounts of time using the technology. Further, participation was voluntary and those who were included might have been more open to technological innovation or changes in practice than their peers. It was sometimes difficult to discern if virtual visits alone or contextual factors (eg, organizational culture or implementation approach) influenced PCPs’ views on the impact of virtual visits on work flow. Moreover, data for this study were collected before the COVID-19 pandemic and may not reflect current usage trends. Additionally, the study findings might not be representative of all PCPs since most participants practised in urban areas and were part of capitated funding models.

Conclusion

Virtual visits require an upfront investment in terms of time and effort. While the pandemic has prompted the virtualization of some primary care services, the impact of virtual visits on work flow depends on how the tool is implemented and used, which might be influenced by individual and organizational factors. Dedicated time to implement, emphasis on using asynchronous secure messaging, and access to clinical champions and structured change management support were factors associated with a more seamless integration of virtual visits.

Acknowledgment

We thank Payam Pakravan, Lency Abraham, Vivian Henderson, Rhonda Wilson, Karen Blackley, Beth Banting, and Ian Cummins at the Ontario Telemedicine Network for their support in helping us perform this evaluation study.

Notes

Editor’s key points

  • ▸ The rapid virtualization of primary care services during the COVID-19 pandemic has required health systems to rethink the delivery of care, but how virtual visits impact clinical work flows is unclear.

  • ▸ Physicians expressed various views regarding how virtual visits impacted their processes, which might reflect the variation of primary care practice types and available administrative or team-based supports within organizations.

  • ▸ Those who were able to leverage in-house or external implementation support had more success in rostering a larger volume of patients to virtual visits and reported improvements in work flow and clinic efficiencies.

  • ▸ Having dedicated time for implementation, emphasis on asynchronous secure messaging, and structured change management support could improve physician uptake and practice efficiencies.

Points de repère du rédacteur

  • ▸ La virtualisation rapide des services de soins primaires durant la pandémie de la COVID-19 a exigé des systèmes de santé qu’ils révisent la prestation des soins, mais les répercussions des visites virtuelles sur le déroulement du travail clinique demeurent incertaines.

  • ▸ Les médecins ont exprimé différents points de vue sur la façon dont les visites virtuelles ont influé sur leurs processus, ce qui est peut-être le reflet de la variation dans les types de pratiques en soins primaires, et dans les soutiens administratifs ou en équipe accessibles au sein des organisations.

  • ▸ Les médecins qui ont pu obtenir un soutien interne ou externe pour la mise en œuvre ont mieux réussi à transférer un nombre plus élevé de patients vers des visites virtuelles, et ont signalé des améliorations dans le déroulement du travail et l’efficacité clinique.

  • ▸ Le fait de consacrer du temps à la mise en œuvre, l’accent mis sur des messages asynchrones sécuritaires et la disponibilité d’un soutien structuré à la gestion du changement pourraient améliorer l’adhésion des médecins et l’efficience de la pratique.

Footnotes

  • Contributors

    All authors contributed to the concept and design of the study; data gathering, analysis, and interpretation; and preparing the manuscript for submission.

  • Competing interests

    None declared

  • This article has been peer reviewed.

  • Cet article a fait l’objet d’une révision par des pairs.

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Impact of virtual visits on primary care physician work flows
Jamie K. Fujioka, Megan Nguyen, Michelle Phung, Onil Bhattacharyya, Leah Kelley, Vess Stamenova, Nike Onabajo, Michael Kidd, Laura Desveaux, Ivy Wong, R. Sacha Bhatia, Payal Agarwal
Canadian Family Physician Apr 2023, 69 (4) e86-e93; DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6904e86
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