Criteria for diagnosing ankyloglossia
| AUTHOR | YEAR | CRITERIA |
|---|---|---|
| Hogan et al5 | 2005 | Frenulum extending along 25%–100% of tongues’ total length |
| Ricke et al9 | 2005 | Hazelbaker’s assessment tool17 for lingual frenulum function |
| Griffiths6 | 2004 | Frenulum thick; tongue heart-shaped when protruded |
| Ballard et al8 | 2002 | Hazelbaker’s assessment tool17 for lingual frenulum function |
| Messner et al7 | 2000 | Frenulum abnormally short |
| Messner and Lalakea11 | 2000 | Frenulum abnormally short; decreased mobility of tongue tip |
| Masaitis and Kaempf3 | 1996 | Tongue heart-shaped when protruded; inability to bring tongue over lower gum ridge; abnormally short, thick frenulum; maternal nipple trauma |
| Harris et al20 | 1992 | Frenulum short, thick, and fibrous; frenulum extends to the papillated surface of tongue |
| Marmet et al2 | 1990 | Inability to bring tongue over lower gum ridge; normal breastfeeding sucking motion inhibited; tongue heart-shaped when protruded |
| Notestine12 | 1990 | Frenulum <1 cm in length; tongue heart-shaped when protruded; tight feeling when finger placed under tongue along midline; tongue cannot reach gum line when protruded |
| Fleiss et al19 | 1990 | Tongue tip cannot reach top of gums; tongue tip cannot swing from one corner of mouth to the other; tongue displays notching when protruded; tongue cannot be protruded beyond lower gum |
| Jorgenson et al21 | 1982 | Frenulum prevents protrusion of tongue; frenulum extends to papillated surface of tongue; frenulum fissures tongue tip during normal movements |