STUDY | TYPE OF STUDY | TYPE OF FILTER | NO. AND TYPE OF PATIENTS | FOLLOW-UP TIME | FINDINGS | RETRIEVAL TIMES | SUCCESSFUL RETRIEVALS | COMPLICATIONS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antevil et al, 12 2006 | Retrospective review, case series | Various retrievable filters | 161 patients: indications were prophylaxis or demonstrated VTE in multitrauma patients | Mean 94 d (range 15–268) | 1 case (0.5%) of PE despite indwelling filter | Mean 94 d (range 15– 268) | 33 of 43 attempts were successful (77%) | 2 septic filters (1.2%), 1 IVC occlusion (0.6%), 8 filter thrombi (5%), 1 filter endothelialization (0.6%), 1 filter angulation (0.6%) |
Bovyn et al, 13 2006 | Uncontrolled prospective case series | Tempofilter II temporary filter | 103 patients: indications were complications, contraindications, or ineffectiveness of anticoagulation therapy | 90 d postretrieval (range 34–252) | 1 case (1.0%) of PE despite indwelling filter | 29.5 d (range 2–86) | 101 of 102 attempts were successful (99%) | 16 filter thrombi (15.5%), 1 filter migration to right atrium (1%), 9 with moderate IVC narrowing (8.7%) |
Rosenthal et al, 14 2006 | Uncontrolled prospective case series | Various retrievable filters | 127 patients: indication was multitrauma | 71 d (range 5–116) | 1 case (0.8%) of postfilter retrieval PE; 4 DVTs (3.1%) while filter in place | 71 d (range 5–116) | 66 of 70 with indication for removal were successful (94%); 4 were left due to thrombus | 39 patients died of other injuries (22.7%), 7 complicated filter placements (5.5%), 3 groin hematomas (2.4%), 3 misplaced filters (2.4%), 4 filter thrombi (3.1%) |
Rosenthal et al, 15 2005 | Retrospective review, case series | OptEase retrievable filter | 40 patients: indications were contraindication to anticoagulation therapy, recent major trauma, recent DVT or PE | 3 mo | No incidence of PE | Mean 16 d (range 3–48) | 100% successful retrieval of those attempted | 2 cases of filter misplacement in right common iliac vein (5%) |
Imberti et al, 16 2005 | Uncontrolled prospective multicentre case series | ALN retrievable filter | 30 patients: indications were acute VTE with contraindication to anticoagulation therapy, prophylaxis following trauma, or prophylaxis before major surgery | Median of 18.2 mo | 100% technical success; no PE found; 2 patients with DVT (6.7%) | Median of 123 d (range 30–345) | 14 of 18 attempts were successful (78%) | 3 filter emboli (10%), 1 filter migration (3%) |
Allen et al, 17 2005 | Retrospective review, case series | Günther Tulip retrievable filter | 51 patients: indications were prophylaxis or demonstrated VTE in multitrauma patients | 21 d | No symptomatic PE | Within 14 d | 24 of 25 attempts were successful (95%) | 6 patients died of other causes (11.8%); no other complications; 29 filters became permanent (57%) |
Oliva et al, 18 2005 | Prospective multicentre nonrandomized study | OptEase retrievable filter | 27 patients: indications were DVT, PE, or high risk of PE with no known thromboembolic disease | Mean 11 d (range 5–14) | No symptomatic PE observed during filter placement and 1 mo postretrieval | Mean 11 d (range 5–14) | All 21 attempts were successful; 3 not removed due to ongoing contraindication to anticoagulation therapy, 2 left due to large filter thrombi, 1 left due to poor patient prognosis | None observed |
Morris et al, 19 2004 | Retrospective review, case series | Various retrievable filters | 130 patients: indications ranged from absolute to prophylactic | 19 d (range 11–41) | 1 case (0.8%) of postfilter retrieval PE | 19 d (range 11–41) | 15 patients had filters removed (93% technical success) | None observed |
Hoff et al, 20 2004 | Uncontrolled prospective case series | Günther Tulip retrievable filter | 35 patients: indications were blunt trauma with no known thromboembolic disease but contraindication to anticoagulation therapy and mechanical prophylaxis | Range 6–14 d | No PE during hospital stay; 3 DVTs (8.6%) while filter in place | Mean 10.2 d (range 6–14) | 18 of 22 attempts were successful (82%) | 4 filter thrombi resulting in failed retrieval attempt (11.4%) |
Terhaar et al, 21 2004 | Uncontrolled retrospective review with prospective follow-up callback, case series | Günther Tulip retrievable filter | 53 patients: indications were planned major surgery with recurrent PE or high PE risk, extensive iliofemoral thrombus, DVT with anticoagulant complications, breakthrough PE despite anticoagulation therapy, and contraindication to anticoagulation therapy | 13 mo (for permanent filter patients) | 1 case of PE (1.9%) | Median 34 d (range 7– 126) | 16 of 19 attempts were successful (84%) | 1 postretrieval pneumothorax (6.25%), 1 PE 12 h postinsertion (1.9%); 2 right internal jugular vein thromboses (3.8%), 1 transient Horner syndrome postretrieval (6.25%); 3 failed retrieval attempts (2 due to filter thrombi [3.8%], 1 due to adherence to IVC wall [1.9%]); 6 patients died (unrelated to filter placement or retrieval) (11.3%) |
Millward et al, 22 2001 | Retrospective (and prospective) multicentre review, case series | Günther Tulip retrievable filter | 90 patients: indications were PE or DVT with contraindication to anticoagulation therapy or prophylaxis after massive PE or free-floating thrombus or prophylaxis after trauma or before major surgery | Retrieved: mean 103 d (range 5–420); nonretrieved: mean 85 d (range 7–420) | 97.6% technical success (2 wrongly inserted filters), no PE in retrieval or nonretrieval groups | Mean 9 d (range 2–25) | 52 of 53 attempts were successful (98%); 1 failure due to initial filter misplacement | Retrieval group: 3 deaths unrelated to filter, 1 misplaced in iliac vein (1.1%), 1 recurrent DVT 230 d postretrieval. Nonretrieval group: 7 deaths unrelated to filter, 10 large filter thrombi precluding planned retrieval (11.1%), 2 IVC occlusions (2.2%) |
DVT—deep vein thrombosis, IVC—inferior vena cava, PE—pulmonary embolism, VTE—venous thromboemboli.