| CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES | NONCARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES |
|---|---|
| Hypertension | Hyperthyroidism* |
| Valvular heart disease | Autonomically mediated (vagal) causes |
| Coronary artery disease | Alcoholism (“holiday heart”)* or alcohol withdrawal |
| Heart failure* or cardiomyopathy | Obstructive sleep apnea* or obesity* |
| Genetic or familial causes | Pharmacologic agents (stimulants, digoxin toxicity, illicit drugs) |
| Post cardiac surgery | Neurologic insult |
| Congenital heart disease* | Excessive physical exertion* |
| Sick sinus syndrome | Sepsis |
| Pacemaker* | Pulmonary disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) |
AF–atrial fibrillation.
↵* Management of these risk factors prevents development or recurrence of AF.
Data from Gillis et al,1 Sanoski and Bauman,3 and Jin and Kosar.4