Bivariate relationships between the no. of primary care visits and the isolation, demographic, and health variables
| VARIABLE | SPEARMAN ρ RANK CORRELATION | PEARSON CORRELATION | t TEST MEAN DIFFERENCE* | P VALUE | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social isolation | |||||
| • Participation frequency | NA | 0.21 | NA | .25 | 32 |
| • Loneliness | NA | −0.08 | NA | .65 | 39 |
| • Satisfaction with social participation | NA | NA | 1.0 | .70 | 37 |
| • Social network size | NA | −0.01 | NA | .97 | 37 |
| Demographic | |||||
| • Age | NA | 0.01 | NA | .93 | 40 |
| • Sex | NA | NA | −1.1 | .66 | 40 |
| • Income | NA | NA | 2.2 | .44 | 35 |
| • Education | NA | NA | 2.0 | .48 | 39 |
| • Marital status | NA | NA | −1.0 | .71 | 40 |
| • No. of people in household | NA | NA | 1.2 | .66 | 36 |
| Health | |||||
| • Health status | −0.23 | NA | NA | .16† | 40 |
| • Mobility | NA | −0.13 | NA | .46 | 36 |
| • No. of chronic conditions out of 14 | NA | 0.06 | NA | .70 | 40 |
| • Geriatric Depression Scale—Short Form score | NA | −0.02 | NA | .93 | 20 |
NA—not applicable.
↵* Mean difference reflects mean no. of visits for 1 group of participants minus the mean no. of visits for another group of participants, ie, “wants more social activities” minus “has enough social activities”; “men” minus “women”; “income of ≥ $40 000 per y” minus “income of < $40 000 per y”; “has postsecondary education” minus “has up to high school education”; “has spouse or partner” minus “does not have spouse or partner”; and “lives alone” minus “lives with others.”
↵† Significant at P < .20.