Table 1.

Estimated effects of treatments in opioid use disorder with GRADE rating of evidence

TOPIC	INTERVENTION VS CONTROL	OUTCOME	ESTIMATED BENEFIT, %		FOLLOW-UP RANGE	NNT OR NNH	GRADE QUALITY OF EVIDENCE

			INTERVENTION	CONTROL
Primary care	Primary care vs specialty care	Treatment retention	86	67	12–52 wk	6	Moderate
Primary care	Primary care vs specialty care	Abstinence	53	35	12–52 wk	6	Low
Pharmacotherapy	Buprenorphine vs placebo	Treatment retention	64	39	30 d to 52 wk	4	Moderate
	Methadone vs no methadone	Treatment retention	73	22	45 d to 2 y	2	Moderate
	Methadone vs buprenorphine	Treatment retention	60	45	2–52 wk	7	Moderate
	Methadone vs buprenorphine	Abstinence	30	28	2–52 wk	NSS	Low
	Methadone vs buprenorphine	Sedation	58	26	6 wk	3	Moderate
	Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care	Treatment retention	33	25	8–26 wk	13	Low
	Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care	Abstinence	39	27	8–26 wk	9	Low
	Naltrexone vs placebo or usual care	Re-incarceration	24	33	8–40 wk	12	Low
Prescribing practices	Supervised vs unsupervised ingestion	Treatment retention	66	62	3–6 mo	NSS	Moderate
Prescribing practices	Supervised vs unsupervised ingestion	Illicit drug use	59	53	3–6 mo	NSS	Low
Psychosocial interventions	Counseling vs minimal or no counseling	Treatment retention	74	62	16–26 wk	8	Low
	“Standard” vs extended counseling	Treatment retention	54	45	12–24 wk	NSS	Low
	Positive contingencies vs usual care	Treatment retention	75	66	6–26 wk	11	Moderate
	Medication contingencies vs usual care	Treatment retention	68	77	12–52 wk	11	Moderate

GRADE—Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; NNH—number needed to harm; NNT—number needed to treat; NSS—not statistically significant.