Table 2.

Multivariate individual-level negative binomial regression of hospitalization rates for ACS conditions

PARAMETER	RATE RATIO (95% CI)

	RURAL REFORM (N = 69 143)	RURAL NONREFORM (N = 228 914)	URBAN NONREFORM (N =197 012)
Age	1.02 (1.01–1.02)^*	1.01 (1.01–1.01)^*	1.00 (1.00–1.00)^*
Sex
• Male	1.02 (0.95–1.09)	0.97 (0.94–1.01)	1.07 (1.03–1.11)^*
• Female (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00
CCI score
• 0	0.07 (0.05–0.09)^*	0.05 (0.05–0.06)^*	0.04 (0.03–0.04)^*
• 1–2	0.40 (0.28–0.56)^*	0.36 (0.31–0.42)^*	0.24 (0.20–0.28)^*
• 3–4	0.78 (0.54–1.12)	0.94 (0.80–1.11)	0.76 (0.64–0.90)^*
• ≥ 5 (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Income quintile
• Q1 (lowest)	1.40 (1.20–1.62)^*	1.06 (0.99–1.14)	1.31 (1.22–1.41)^*
• Q2	1.37 (1.16–1.61)^*	1.08 (1.01–1.15)^*	1.22 (1.14–1.31)^*
• Q3	1.42 (1.20–1.67)^*	1.10 (1.04–1.17)^*	1.16 (1.08–1.25)^*
• Q4	1.20 (1.06–1.36)^*	1.10 (1.04–1.17)^*	1.12 (1.05–1.21)^*
• Q5 (highest) (reference)	1.00	1.00	1.00
High school completion	0.98 (0.98–0.99)^*	0.99 (0.99–0.99)^*	0.99 (0.99–0.99)^*
Visible minority	1.00 (0.98–1.03)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.00)
Aboriginal identity	1.02 (1.02–1.03)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.00)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.00)
Nearest hospital (per 10 km)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	1.02 (1.01–1.03)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Hospital beds per 1000 residents	1.06 (1.03–1.08)^*	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	1.07 (1.01–1.13)^*
No. of GPs per 1000 residents	1.07 (1.02–1.12)^*	1.18 (1.13–1.22)^*	1.15 (0.99–1.34)
Years since graduation	1.02 (1.01–1.03)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.15 (0.99–1.34)
Percentage IMG (per 10%)	1.07 (1.05–1.09)^*	1.03 (1.02–1.04)^*	1.03 (1.01–1.06)^*
Percentage GP retention (per 10%)	1.03 (1.02–1.04)^*	1.02 (1.01–1.03)^*	1.02 (1.02–1.03)^*

ACS—ambulatory care sensitive, CCI—Charlson comorbidity index, IMG—international medical graduate.
↵* P < .05.