Table 2.

Outcomes of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in 26 individual studies of 22 intermittent fasting trials enrolling obese adults without type 2 diabetes

RISK FACTOR	OUTCOME	N	STUDIES
Blood pressure	↔	324	Examined in 16 studies, with no change in 9 studies^{10,13,27,29,35,37,42,43,47}
Blood pressure	↓	226	Examined in 16 studies, with a decrease in 7 studies^{11,15,21,24,25,49,50}
Body weight	↓	764	Decrease seen in 22 studies^{10,11,13,15,19,20,22–25,27–29,33,35,37,41–43,49,47,50}
BMI	↓	566	Decrease seen in the 16 studies measuring BMI^{10,13,15,19,20,23–25,28,29,35,37,42,43,47,50}
Diabetes
• Glucose level	↔	409	Examined in 17 studies, with no change in 11 studies^{10,19,24,25,27,32,35,38,40,42,43}
	↓	192	Examined in 17 studies, with a decrease in 5 studies^{13,15,20,23,41}
	↑	24	Examined in 17 studies, with an increase in 1 study¹¹
• HbA_1c level	↓	54	Decrease seen in the 1 study measuring HbA_1c level⁴²
• Insulin level	↓	407	Decrease in 8 studies, decreasing trend in 3 of 11 studies measuring insulin level^{11,13,15,19,20,25,27,32,35,41,43}

BMI—body mass index, HbA_1c—hemoglobin A_1c.