Table 1.

Evidence for intervals of repeat screening

DISEASE OR CONDITION	SOURCE OF RECOMMENDATION	SOURCE OF EVIDENCE	AGE TO START OR STOP SCREENING	INTERVAL RECOMMENDATION
Cancer
Cervical
• Papanicolaou tests	CTFPHC guideline⁸	International Agency for Research on Cancer⁹	25-70 y	3 y
• HPV tests	American Cancer Society guideline¹⁰	American Cancer Society¹⁰	25-70 y	5 y
Breast	CTFPHC guideline¹	Meta-analysis¹¹	50-75 y	2-3 y
Colorectal	CTFPHC guideline¹²	Trials^13,14	50-74 y	2 y
Lung	European expert group¹⁵	Trials^16,17	60-80 y	Annually at first, then every 2 or more y
Cardiovascular
Hypertension and dyslipidemia	European expert group¹⁸^{^*}	Modeling using Whitehall study¹⁸	> 40 y	Low risk: 7 y Intermediate risk: 4 y Intermediate to high risk: 1 y
Diabetes	CTFPHC guideline¹^{^†}	Meta-analysis¹⁹	40 y	Low risk: no screen Medium risk: every 3-5 y High risk: annual
Other
Osteoporotic fracture	Cohort study²⁰	Gourlay et al²⁰	Women: ≥ 65 y Men: insufficient evidence	T-score -1.5 to -2: 15 y T-score <-2 to -2.5: 5 y
Osteoporotic fracture	Cohort study²¹	Crandall et al²¹		Screen once (no repeat)
Abdominal aortic aneurysm	CTFPHC guideline²	Meta-analysis²	Men: 65 y	Once (no repeat)

ASCVD—atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CTFPHC—Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, FINDRISC—Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, HPV—human papillomavirus.
↵*Cardiovascular risk was defined by the ASCVD calculator as the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, death from coronary artery disease, fatal or nonfatal stroke). Low risk was defined as less than 2.5%. Intermediate risk was from 2.5% to less than 5%. Intermediate to high risk was from 5% to 10%. High risk was greater than 10%, which was the threshold for active management.
↵^†Diabetes risk was determined by FINDRISC²²: ≤ 14 points: low risk, no screen; 15 to 20 points: medium risk, screen every 3 to 5 y; ≥ 21 points: high risk, screen annually.