Table 1.

GRADE quality-of-evidence table for all recommendations

TOPICFINAL GRADE RATING
Exercise for osteoarthritis10Low
Exercise for chronic low back pain11Moderate
TCAs for low back painModerate
Topical agents (non-nitrate)Moderate
Topical agents (nitrates)Low
Psychological treatmentsLow
Best exercise typeLow
Tapering opioidsVery low
CannabinoidsVery low
Assisting to exerciseVery low
Drug combinationsVery low
Weight loss for osteoarthritisLow
Intra-articular steroids for osteoarthritis10Very low
SNRIs for osteoarthritis10Moderate
Oral NSAIDs for osteoarthritis10Moderate
Topical NSAIDs for osteoarthritis10Low
Glucosamine for osteoarthritis10Very low
Chondroitin for osteoarthritis10Moderate
Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis10Very low
Opioids for osteoarthritis10Very low
Acetaminophen for osteoarthritis10Low
Oral NSAIDs for back pain11Moderate
SNRIs for back pain11Moderate
Spinal manipulation for back pain11Low
Acupuncture for back pain11Very low
Rubefacients for back pain11Low
Corticosteroid injections for back pain11Very low
Opioids for low back pain11Very low
Anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain12Moderate
SNRIs for neuropathic pain12Moderate
Rubefacients for neuropathic pain12Low
TCAs for neuropathic pain12Very low
Opioids for neuropathic pain12Low
  • GRADE—Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; NSAID—nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SNRI—serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; TCA—tricyclic antidepressant.