Table 4.

Primary nonadherence C statistics, ORs, and 95% CIs for patient demographic and clinical characteristics by medication class: Statistically significant differences are presented in boldface.

MEDICATION CLASS
VARIABLEANTIBIOTICS (N=37,402)*ANTIDEPRESSANTS (N=14,257)*ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES (N=18,609)*BENZODIAZEPINES (N=4448)*BISPHOSPHONATES (N=670)*HYPOGLYCEMICS (N=11,294)*LIPID-LOWERING AGENTS (N=4980)*
C statistic0.590.560.570.610.690.620.59
Sex, OR (95% CI)
    • MaleRefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • Female0.87
(0.82-0.93)		0.99
(0.89-1.10)		1.08
(1.01-1.15)		0.94
(0.78-1.12)		0.94
(0.78-1.12)		1.23
(1.14-1.33)		0.99
(0.84-1.16)
Age group, y, OR (95% CI)
    • 18-440.55
(0.49-0.61)		0.78
(0.63-0.97)		0.93
(0.83-1.04)		1.19
(0.87-1.63)		0.04
(0.01-1.12)		1.29
(1.12-1.47)		1.35
(0.96-1.91)
    • 45-640.74
(0.67-0.82)		0.79
(0.64-0.98)		1.11
(1.02-1.22)		1.08
(0.80-1.44)		0.69
(0.43-1.12)		1.38
(1.22-1.56)		1.74
(1.38-2.21)
    • 65-740.81
(0.72-0.91)		0.89
(0.69-1.15)		1.02
(0.92-1.12)		1.14
(0.81-1.60)		1.26
(0.49-2.01)		1.18
(1.02-1.36)		1.26
(0.98-1.61)
    • ≥75RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
Income quintile, OR (95% CI)
    • Q1
(lowest)		0.85
(0.78-0.93)		1.10
(0.94-1.30)		1.23
(1.11-1.37)		1.31
(0.98-1.75)		1.55
(0.84-2.86)		1.12
(0.99-1.28)		0.88
(0.68-1.15)
    • Q20.97
(0.89-1.06)		1.00
(0.85-1.17)		1.15
(1.04-1.27)		0.87
(0.68-1.12)		1.18
(0.67-2.11)		1.11
(0.98-1.26)		0.91
(0.71-1.17)
    • Q31.04
(0.95-1.14)		0.99
(0.84-1.15)		1.32
(1.19-1.46)		1.29
(0.99-1.67)		1.36
(0.75-2.46)		1.13
(1.00-1.29)		0.98
(0.76-1.26)
    • Q41.10
(1.00-1.20)		1.05
(0.90-1.23)		1.14
(1.03-1.25)		1.20
(0.93-1.53)		1.06
(0.58-1.90)		1.02
(0.90-1.15)		1.01
(0.79-1.29)
    • Q5
(highest)		RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • Missing1.22
(1.03-1.44)		1.00
(0.74-1.35)		1.05
(0.87-1.27)		0.65
(0.42-0.99)		1.26
(0.41-3.86)		0.89
(0.71-1.12)		1.94
(0.95-3.95)
No. of hospitalizations† OR (95% CI)
    • 0RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • 1-20.99
(0.90-1.09)		1.06
(0.90-1.26)		1.02
(0.91-1.14)		1.40
(1.01-1.93)		1.58
(0.87-2.86)		0.85
(0.74-0.98)		0.96
(0.72-1.29)
    • ≥31.03
(0.77-1.38)		0.80
(0.51-1.27)		1.03
(0.75-1.40)		1.13
(0.44-2.89)		0.33
(0.04-2.67)		0.77
(0.52-1.13)		0.65
(0.28-1.52)
No. of ambulatory visits/ OR (95% CI)
    • 0RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • 1-21.04
(0.93-1.16)		1.17
(0.95-1.43)		0.96
(0.81-1.12)		1.21
(0.84-1.76)		1.12
(0.31-4.07)		1.06
(0.88-1.27)		1.31
(0.92-1.86)
    • 3-91.09
(0.98-1.22)		1.14
(0.94-1.39)		0.88
(0.75-1.03)		1.13
(0.91-1.85)		1.03
(0.30-3.52)		0.94
(0.79-1.12)		1.34
(0.96-1.88)
    • ≥101.13
(1.00-1.29)		1.05
(0.84-1.32)		0.89
(0.75-1.05)		1.57
(1.04-2.38)		1.11
(0.30-4.06)		1.03
(0.85-1.25)		1.05
(0.71-1.56)
No. of ED visits,† OR (95% CI)
    • 0RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • 1-20.79
(0.72-0.87)		1.01
(0.87-1.18)		1.26
(1.12-1.41)		1.09
(0.81-1.46)		1.57
(0.86-2.86)		1.09
(0.96-1.25)		1.12
(0.84-1.50)
    • ≥30.61
(0.51-0.72)		0.76
(0.58-1.00)		1.25
(0.97-1.60)		0.93
(0.52-1.65)		1.53
(0.51-4.56)		0.99
(0.75-1.30)		1.92
(0.85-4.34)
No. of prescriptions,† OR (95% CI)
    • 0-2RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • 3-50.99
(0.92-1.07)		1.22
(1.07-1.38)		0.75
(0.69-0.82)		1.10
(0.89-1.37)		0.78
(0.45-1.34)		0.96
(0.86-1.07)		1.06
(0.86-1.31)
    • ≥60.97
(0.89-1.06)		1.42
(1.23-1.65)		0.69
(0.63-0.76)		1.21
(0.94-1.56)		0.65
(0.36-1.15)		0.91
(0.81-1.03)		1.14
(0.90-1.45)
Charlson Comorbidity Index,28 OR (95% CI)
    • 0RefRefRefRefRefRefRef
    • 1-21.20
(1.11-1.29)		0.98
(0.86-1.12)		1.13
(1.05-1.22)		0.80
(0.65-1.00)		1.20
(0.77-1.86)		0.88
(0.79-0.97)		0.91
(0.75-1.09)
    • ≥31.07
(0.91-1.25)		0.72
(0.54-0.95)		0.99
(0.84-1.15)		0.56
(0.34-0.91)		1.03
(0.48-2.23)		0.71
(0.58-0.88)		0.76
(0.52-1.11)

  • ED—emergency department, OR—odds ratio, Ref—reference category.

  • ↵* N represents the number of prescriptions in each grouping.

  • ↵†Based on the 365 days prior to the index date.