Table 2.

AMSTAR 2 ratings

AMSTAR 2 QUESTIONS	JOHANSSON ET AL,¹⁵ 2016	RIORDAN ET AL,²¹ 2016	HILL-TAYLOR ET AL,²² 2016	PATTERSON ET AL,⁵ 2014	TASAI ET AL,²³ 2019
Uses elements of PICO	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Methods and protocols defined in advance and deviations reported	Yes	No	Partial yes	Yes	No
Authors explained selection of the study designs for inclusion	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Comprehensive literature search strategy used	Yes	Partial yes	Yes	Yes	Partial yes
Study selection performed in duplicate	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Duplicate study selection	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Dual data extraction	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Excluded study list provided	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Included studies described adequately	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
RCTs: satisfactory ROB technique used	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Partial yes
NRSI: satisfactory ROB technique used	Partial yes	No	NA	Yes	NA
Funding sources reported	No	No	No	No	No
RCT: meta-analysis–appropriate statistical methods	Yes	No meta-analysis conducted	Yes	Yes	Yes
NRSI: meta-analysis–appropriate statistical methods	No	NA	No meta-analysis conducted	Yes	NA
Impact of ROB on synthesis assessed	Yes	NA	No	Yes	Yes
Did the review authors account for ROB in individual studies when interpreting or discussing the results of the review?	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
Heterogeneity	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Conflicts of interest	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Overall rating	Moderate	Low	Low	High	Low

AMSTAR 2—A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2; NA—not applicable; NRSI—non-randomized studies of intervention; PICO—patient or population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes; RCT—randomized controlled trial; ROB—risk of bias.