CHARACTERISTIC | MODEL, HAZARD RATIO (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UNADJUSTED | + AGE, SEX | + TRADITIONAL CVD RISK FACTORS | + INCOME QUINTILE | + ETHNICITY | + PHYSICIAN FACTORS | + PHYSICIAN DISTANCE | |
Proximity quintile | |||||||
• 1 (reference) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
• 2 | 1.07 (1.03-1.12) | 1.10 (1.05-1.14) | 1.10 (1.06-1.13) | 1.11 (1.08-1.15) | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | 1.04 (1.00-1.07) |
• 3 | 1.07 (1.03-1.12) | 1.12 (1.07-1.17) | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | 1.13 (1.09-1.17) | 1.06 (1.03-1.10) | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) | 1.04 (1.01-1.08) |
• 4 | 1.21 (1.16-1.26) | 1.23 (1.18-1.29) | 1.22 (1.19-1.26) | 1.25 (1.21-1.29) | 1.15 (1.12-1.19) | 1.13 (1.10-1.17) | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) |
• 5 | 1.36 (1.30-1.42) | 1.36 (1.30-1.42) | 1.32 (1.28-1.37) | 1.35 (1.30-1.40) | 1.24 (1.20-1.28) | 1.23 (1.19-1.28) | 1.24 (1.20-1.28) |
Female, (reference=male) | NA | 0.56 (0.55-0.57) | 0.64 (0.62-0.65) | 0.63 (0.61-0.65) | 0.63 (0.61-0.65) | 0.63 (0.61-0.65) | 0.63 (0.61-0.65) |
Age (reference=60 to 69), y | |||||||
• 20-29 | NA | 0.02 (0.01-0.02) | 0.04 (0.02-0.10) | 0.03 (0.03-0.04) | 0.03 (0.03-0.04) | 0.19 (0.14-0.26) | 0.17 (0.11-0.27) |
• 30-39 | NA | 0.08 (0.07-0.08) | 0.11 (0.08-0.14) | 0.10 (0.09-0.10) | 0.10 (0.09-0.11) | 0.23 (0.19-0.29) | 0.22 (0.15-0.30) |
• 40-49 | NA | 0.27 (0.26-0.28) | 0.32 (0.28-0.37) | 0.30 (0.29-0.32) | 0.31 (0.30-0.32) | 0.45 (0.42-0.48) | 0.43 (0.38-0.49) |
• 50-59 | NA | 0.56 (0.54-0.58) | 0.62 (0.55-0.69) | 0.59 (0.57-0.61) | 0.60 (0.58-0.62) | 0.79 (0.76-0.82) | 0.78 (0.74-0.82) |
• 70-79 | NA | 2.08 (2.02-2.14) | 2.16 (1.96-2.39) | 2.09 (2.01-2.16) | 2.09 (2.01-2.17) | 2.50 (2.40-2.61) | 2.50 (2.35-2.66) |
• ≥80 | NA | 5.78 (5.62-5.94) | 6.00 (5.41-6.64) | 5.75 (5.53-5.98) | 5.74 (5.53-5.96) | 6.81 (6.51-7.12) | 6.81 (6.39-7.24) |
Smoking | NA | NA | 1.81 (1.56-2.10) | 1.78 (1.53-2.06) | 1.74 (1.50-2.02) | 1.67 (1.46-1.91) | 1.68 (1.41-2.01) |
Total cholesterol, per 1 mmol/L increase | NA | NA | 1.15 (1.10-1.19) | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | 1.17 (1.13-1.21) | 1.16 (1.12-1.20) |
HDL, per 1 mmol/L increase | NA | NA | 0.62 (0.58-0.65) | 0.62 (0.59-0.66) | 0.63 (0.59-0.67) | 0.66 (0.62-0.69) | 0.65 (0.60-0.70) |
Hypertension | NA | NA | 1.54 (1.48-1.61) | 1.52 (1.48-1.56) | 1.51 (1.48-1.55) | 1.80 (1.63-1.99) | 1.75 (1.56-1.98) |
Diabetes | NA | NA | 1.46 (1.41-1.50) | 1.43 (1.39-1.48) | 1.44 (1.40-1.48) | 1.53 (1.47-1.58) | 1.52 (1.46-1.57) |
Neighbourhood income quintile, (reference=5) | |||||||
1 (lowest) | NA | NA | NA | 1.28 (1.23-1.34) | 1.30 (1.25-1.36) | 1.23 (1.17-1.28) | 1.23 (1.19-1.28) |
2 | NA | NA | NA | 1.17 (1.13-1.21) | 1.18 (1.14-1.22) | 1.12 (1.08-1.16) | 1.13 (1.09-1.16) |
3 | NA | NA | NA | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | 1.12 (1.08-1.16) | 1.06 (1.03-1.10) | 1.07 (1.03-1.11) |
4 | NA | NA | NA | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | 0.99 (0.96-1.03) | 1.00 (0.96-1.04) |
Ethnicity (reference=White long-term resident) | |||||||
• East Asian | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.49 (0.46-0.53) | 0.63 (0.57-0.70) | 0.61 (0.54-0.70) |
• Black | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.76 (0.68-0.86) | 0.86 (0.78-0.96) | 0.86 (0.77-0.95) |
• Latin American | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.86 (0.76-0.97) | 0.93 (0.83-1.04) | 0.93 (0.83-1.04) |
• South Asian | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.96 (0.91-1.01) | 0.92 (0.88-0.97) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) |
• Southeast Asian | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.75 (0.67-0.84) | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
• West Asian or Arab | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.78 (0.70-0.87) | 0.91 (0.82-1.00) | 0.90 (0.81-1.00) |
• White Eastern European | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.89 (0.81-0.98) | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) |
• White Western European | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.79 (0.69-0.89) | 0.92 (0.83-1.03) | 0.92 (0.82-1.02) |
Canadian medical graduate | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 0.98 (0.95-1.00) |
Male physician | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.18 (1.14-1.22) | 1.17 (1.13-1.21) |
Physician age, per y increase | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) |
Years in practice, per y increase | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) |
Median patient-to-physician distance, per km increase | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) |
CVD—cardiovascular disease, HDL—high-density lipoprotein, NA—not applicable.
↵* From cause-specific hazards models.