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Femoroacetabuläres Impingement

Häufige Ursache von zur Arthrose führenden Hüftbeschwerden

Femoroacetabular impingement

A common cause of hip complaints leading to arthrosis

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Zusammenfassung

Während die Ursache der Gelenkschädigung bei der Hüftdysplasie auf eine überhöhte axiale Belastung der Gelenkpfanne klar zurückgeführt werden kann, ist die exakte Ursache der idiopathischen Koxarthrose bis heute nicht geklärt. Basierend auf der Entwicklung einer chirurgischen Technik zur gefahrlosen chirurgischen Luxation der Hüfte und der damit verbundenen Möglichkeit der intraoperativen Gelenkbeurteilung, fanden wir eine bewegungsinduzierte Schädigung, die peripher am Acetabulumrand beginnt und nach zentral fortschreitet. Dieses sog. „femoroacetabuläre Impingement“ (FAI), welches durch eine vermehrte acetabuläre Überdachung und/oder fehlende Sphärizität des Femurkopfes zu einem Anschlagen bzw. Einpressen des Femurkopfes in die Gelenkpfanne führt, verursacht eine Schädigung des Labrum und/oder des Gelenkknorpels.

Häufig kommt bei den bereits in der 2. und 3. Lebensdekade symptomatisch werdenden Patienten (Leistenschmerzen, reduzierte Innenrotation) eine vermehrte sportliche Aktivität hinzu. Basierend darauf, ob die acetabuläre oder femorale Pathologie dominiert, werden zwei verschiedene Typen des FAI, das Pincer- (Beißzangen-) und das Cam- (Nockenwellen-)FAI unterschieden. Neben diesen ossären Alterationen tragen auch eine supraphysiologische Beweglichkeit sowie eine Überbeanspruchung zum FAI bei. Das Impingement-Konzept hat zu einer Reihe neuer, mehrheitlich intrakapsulärer Chirurgieansätze geführt.

Abstract

The exact cause of the idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip has not been identified, although the cause of hip degeneration in developmental dysplasia can clearly be attributed to an excessive axial loading. Based on the development of a surgical technique for the safe surgical dislocation of the hip and the associated possibility of intraoperative joint evaluation, we have found motion-induced joint damage in many of these hips. This begins peripherally at the acetabular rim, progressing centrally. This so-called “femoroacetabular impingement” (FAI), leads, by an increased acetabular coverage and/or a missing sphericity of the femoral head, to an abutment of the femoral head/neck junction against the acetabular rim, or even entering of the non-spherical femoral head into the hip. It initiates damage to the labrum and/or acetabular cartilage.

Frequently, this becomes symptomatic in the second or third decade of life in patients with increased sport activity. Based on the predominance of the acetabular or femoral pathology, two different types of FAI, the pincer and the cam can be differentiated. Apart from these morphological alterations, supraphysiological mobility and overuse can contribute to FAI. The impingement concept has led to a new type of mainly intracapsular hip surgery.

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Leunig, M., Ganz, R. Femoroacetabuläres Impingement. Unfallchirurg 108, 9–17 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-004-0902-z

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