Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Migraine and Headache in Children and Adolescents

  • Childhood and Adolescent Headache (S Evers, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Pain and Headache Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Migraine and headache are global disabling conditions causing considerable individual suffering and impaired quality of life in adults as well as in children and adolescents. Therefore, epidemiological studies are essential to assess the scope of the problem. This review covers epidemiological studies on migraine and headache in children and adolescents published in the past 25 years. A total of 64 cross-sectional studies have been identified, published in 32 different countries and including a total of 227,249 subjects. The estimated overall mean prevalence of headache was 54.4 % (95 % CI 43.1–65.8) and the overall mean prevalence of migraine was 9.1 % (95 % CI 7.1–11.1). There is a lack of population-based studies from low and low-middle income countries. In addition, there is very little information about the prevalence of probable migraine and chronic migraine and no information about menstrual migraine in the young.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Birbeck GL. Migraine: the seventh disabler. Headache. 2013;53:227–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Karwautz A, Wöber C, Lang T, et al. Psychosocial factors in children and adolescents with migraine and tension-type headache: a controlled study and review of the literature. Cephalalgia. 1999;19:32–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kernick D, Reinhold D, Campbell JL. Impact of headache on young people in a school population. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59:678–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Behavioral and emotional symptoms and primary headaches in children: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2012;32:1093–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wöber-Bingöl Ç, Hershey A. Migraine co-morbidities in children. In: Schoenen J, Sandor P, Dodick D, editors. Co-morbidity in migraine—clinical aspects, prevalence, mechanisms and management. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011. p. 122–32.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bille BS. Migraine in school children. A study of the incidence and short-term prognosis, and a clinical, psychological and electroencephalographic comparison between children with migraine and matched controls. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1962;136:1–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia. 1988;8 Suppl 7:1–96.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The international classification of headache disorders. 2nd edn. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:1–152.

    Google Scholar 

  10. World Bank. Country classification. http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending. Accessed April 2013

  11. • Winkler AS, Dent W, Stelzhammer B, et al. Prevalence of migraine headache in a rural area of northern Tanzania: a community-based door-to-door survey. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:582–92. Up till now, this is the only population-based study providing data for subjects below the age of 20 performed in a low income country.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ofovwe GE, Ofili AN. Prevalence and impact of headache and migraine among secondary school students in Nigeria. Headache. 2010;50:1570–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Barea LM, Tannhauser M, Rotta NT. An epidemiological study of headache among children and adolescents of southern Brazil. Cephalalgia. 1996;16:545–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Antoniuk S, Kozak MF, Michelon L, Montemor Netto MR. Prevalence of headache in children of a school from Curitiba, Brazil, comparing data obtained from children and parents. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1998;56:726–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Arruda MA, Guidetti V, Galli F, Albuquerque RC, Bigal ME. Primary headaches in childhood–a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:1056–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. • Arruda MA, Bigal ME. Migraine and migraine subtypes in preadolescent children: association with school performance. Neurology. 2012;79:1881–8. This excellent study provides not only prevalence rates for a broad spectrum of ICHD-II diagnoses including chronic migraine, but also detailed information about the association between these headache types and school performance.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van Dijk A, McGrath PA, Pickett W, VanDenKerkhof EG. Pain prevalence in nine- to 13-year-old schoolchildren. Pain Res Manag. 2006;11:234–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee LH, Olness KN. Clinical and demographic characteristics of migraine in urban children. Headache. 1997;37:269–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bigal ME, Lipton RB, Winner P, et al. Migraine in adolescents—association with socioeconomic status and family history. Neurology. 2007;69:16–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lateef TM, Merikangas KR, He J, Kalaydjian A, Khoromi S, Knight E, et al. Headache in a national sample of American children: prevalence and comorbidity. J Child Neurol. 2009;24:536–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jin Z, Shi L, Wang YJ, et al. Prevalence of headache among children and adolescents in Shanghai, China. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:117–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kong CK, Cheng WW, Wong LY. Epidemiology of headache in Hong Kong primary-level schoolchildren: questionnaire study. Hong Kong Med J. 2001;7:29–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shivpuri D, Rajesh MS, Jain D. Prevalence and characteristics of migraine among adolescents: a questionnaire survey. Indian Pediatr. 2003;7:665–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Malik AH, Shah PA, Yaseen Y. Prevalence of primary headache disorders in school-going children in Kashmir Valley (North-west India). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15 Suppl 1:S100–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ayatollahi SM, Moradi F, Ayatollahi SA. Prevalences of migraine and tension-type headache in adolescent girls of Shiraz (southern Iran). Headache. 2002;42:287–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Ayatollahi SM, Khorsavi A. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache in primary-school children in Shiraz. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;17:809–17.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Fallahzadeh H, Alihaydari M. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache among school children in Yazd, Iran. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2011;6:106–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ando N, Fujimoto S, Ishikawa T, et al. Prevalence and features of migraine in Japanese junior high school students ages 12–15 years. Brain Dev. 2007;29:482–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Alawneh HF, Bataineh HA. Prevalence of headache and migraine among school children in Jordan. Sudan J Public Health. 2006;1:289–91.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Siddiqui SJ, Shamin SMS, Hashemi AM. Prevalence and patterns of headache in school children in Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc. 2006;56:215–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bessisso MS, Bener A, Elsaid MF, et al. Pattern of headache in school children in the State of Qatar. Saudi Med J. 2005;26:566–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Al Jumah M, Awada A, Al Azzam S. Headache syndromes amongst schoolchildren in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia. Headache. 2002;42:281–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ho K-H, Ong BK-C. A community-based study of headache diagnosis and prevalence in Singapore. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:6–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. • Chong SC, Chan YH, Ong HT, Low PS, Tay SK. Headache diagnosis, disability and co-morbidities in a multi-ethnic, heterogeneous paediatric Asian population. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:953–61. The strengths of this nationwide study are the detailed presentation of prevalence rates according to ICHD-II diagnoses and the differentiation with respect to ethnicity.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. • Rho YI, Chung HJ, Lee KH, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of primary headaches among school children in South Korea: a nationwide survey. Headache. 2012;52:592–9. This is a well designed study with a target sample representative of the country’s population reporting separate data for urban, suburban and rural regions.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lu SR, Fuh JL, Juang KD, Wang SJ. Migraine prevalence in adolescents aged 13–15: a student population-based study in Taiwan. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:479–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Lu SR, Juang KD. Ice-cream headache—a large survey of 8359 adolescents. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:977–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Juang KD, Lu SR. Rising prevalence of migraine in Taiwanese adolescents aged 13–15 years. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:433–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Juang KD, Lu SR. Migraine and suicidal ideation in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. Neurology. 2009;72:1146–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Visudtibhan A, Siripornpanich V, Khongkhatithum C, et al. Migraine in Thai children: prevalence in junior high school students. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:1117–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Visudtibhan A, Boonsopa C, Thampratankul L, et al. Headache in junior high school students: types & characteristics in Thai children. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010;93:550–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bener A, Swadi H, Qassimi EM, Uduman S. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates. Ann Saudi Med. 1998;18:522–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. King NJ, Sharpley CF. Headache activity in children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 1990;26:50–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Aromaa M, Sillanpää ML, Rautava P, Helenius H. Childhood headache at school entry: a clinical study. Neurology. 1998;50:1729–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Metsähonkala L, Sillanpää M, Tuominen J. Social environment and headache in 8- to 9-year-old children: a follow-up study. Headache. 1998;38:222–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Anttila P, Metsähonkala L, Sillanpää M. School start and occurrence of headache. Pediatrics. 1999;103:e80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pothmann R, Frankenberg SV, Muller B, et al. Epidemiology of headache in children and adolescents: evidence of high prevalence of migraine among girls under 10 years. Int J Behav Med. 1994;1:76–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Stoven H, et al. Pain among children and adolescents in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e152–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kröner-Herwig B, Heinrich M, Morris L. Headache in German children and adolescents: a population-based epidemiological study. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:519–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mavromichalis I, Anagnostopoulos D, Metaxas N, Papanastassiou E. Prevalence of migraine in schoolchildren and some clinical comparisons between migraine with and without aura. Headache. 1999;39:728–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kristjansdottir G, Wahlberg V. Sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of self-reported headache in Icelandic school-children. Headache. 1993;33:376–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Raieli V, Raimondo D, Cammalleri R, Camarda R. Migraine headaches in adolescents: a student population-based study in Monreale. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:5–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zwart JA, Dyb G, Holmen TL, Stovner LJ, Sand T. The prevalence of migraine and tension headaches among adolescents in Norway. The Nord-Trondlag Health Study (Head-HUNT-Youth), a large population-based epidemiological study. Cephalalgia. 2004;14:373–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Lundqvist C, Clench-Aas J, Hofoss D, Bartonova A. Selfreported headache in schoolchildren: parents underestimate their children’s headaches. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:940–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Krasnik A. Headache in the population of school children in Poznan. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1999;33 Suppl 5:111–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Split W, Neuman W. Epidemiology of migraine among students from randomly selected secondary schools in Lodz. Headache. 1999;39:494–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Milovanovic M, Jarebinski M, Martinovic Z. Prevalence of primary headaches in children from Belgrade, Serbia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2007;11:136–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Knezević-Pogancev M. Epidemiology, characteristics and distinctiveness of headaches in children from Vojvodina, Serbia. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;31:122–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Carlsson J. Prevalence of headache in schoolchildren: relation to family and school factors. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:692–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fichtel A, Larsson B. Psychological impact of headache and co-morbidity with other pains among Swedish school adolescents. Headache. 2002;42:766–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Laurell K, Larsson B, Eeg-Olofsson O. Prevalence of headache in Swedish schoolchildren, with a focus on tension-type headache. Cephalalgia. 2004;24:380–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Brun Sundblad GM, Saartok T, Engstrom LM. Prevalence and co-occurrence of self-rated pain and perceived health in school-children: age and gender differences. Eur J Pain. 2007;11:171–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bandell-Hockstra IE, Abu-Saad HH, Passchier J, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of headache in Dutch schoolchildren. Eur J Pain. 2001;5:145–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Özge A, Bugdayci R, Sasmaz T, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of the case definition criteria in diagnosis of headache: a school-based epidemiological study of 5562 children in Mersin. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:138–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zencir M, Ergin H, Sahiner T, et al. Epidemiology and symptomatology of migraine among school children: Denizli urban area in Turkey. Headache. 2004;44:780–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bugdayci R, Özge A, Sasmaz T, et al. Prevalence and factors affecting headache in Turkish schoolchildren. Pediatr Int. 2005;47:316–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Karli N, Aki N, Zarifoglu M, et al. Headache prevalence in adolescents aged 12 to 17: a student-based epidemiological study in Bursa. Headache. 2006;46:649–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Akyol A, Kiylioglu N, Aydin I, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of migraine among school children in the Menderes region. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:781–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Işik U, Ersu RH, Ay P, et al. Prevalence of headache and its association with sleep disorders in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2007;36:146–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Unalp A, Dirik E, Kurul S. Prevalence and clinical findings of migraine and tension-type headache in adolescents. Pediatr Int. 2007;49:943–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Işik U, Topuzoğlu A, Ay P, et al. The prevalence of headache and its association with socioeconomic status among schoolchildren in istanbul, Turkey. Headache. 2009;49:697–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. • Alp R, Alp SI, Palanci Y, et al. Use of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition, criteria in the diagnosis of primary headache in schoolchildren: epidemiology study from eastern Turkey. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:868–77. This is one of very few studies relying exclusively on face-to-face interviews, it is different from many other studies with respect to socio-economic, climatic, and geographic characteristics and it presents detailed data on definite and probable migraine and TTH, as well as subtypes and combinations of these diagnoses.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mortimer MJ, Kay J, Jaron A. Epidemiology of headache and childhood migraine in an urban general practice using ad hoc, Vahlquist and IHS criteria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992;34:1095–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Abu-Arafeh I, Russell G. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren. BMJ. 1994;309:765–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Nakamura EF, Cui L, Lateef T, et al. Parent-child agreement in the reporting of headaches in a national sample of adolescents. J Child Neurol. 2012;27:61–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. •• Abu-Arafeh I, Razak S, Sivaraman B, Graham C. Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:1088–97. This outstanding paper provides comprehensive analyses of data on the prevalence of headache from 21 studies and the prevalence of migraine from 35 studies published between 1990 and 2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Seshia SS, Wang SJ, Abu-Arafeh I, et al. Chronic daily headache in children and adolescents: a multi-faceted syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci. 2010;37:769–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Lu SR. Chronic daily headache in adolescents: an 8-year follow-up study. Neurology. 2009;73:416–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Arruda MA, Guidetti V, Galli F, et al. Frequent headaches in the preadolescent pediatric population: a population-based study. Neurology. 2010;74:903–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. • Lipton RB, Manack A, Ricci JA, et al. Prevalence and burden of chronic migraine in adolescents: results of the chronic daily headache in adolescents study (C-dAS). Headache. 2011;51:693–706. This is an important study on chronic migraine in adolescents. The authors applied a sophisticated study design they demonstrated that the majority of young patients with CDH cannot be classified with ICHD-II criteria.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Özge A, Saşmaz T, Buğdaycı R, et al. The prevalence of chronic and episodic migraine in children and adolescents. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:95–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Anttila P, Metsähonkala L, Sillanpää M. Long-term trends in the incidence of headache in Finnish schoolchildren. Pediatrics. 2006;117:e1197–1201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wöber-Bingöl Ç, Wöber C, Karwautz A, et al. Diagnosis of headache in childhood and adolescence: a study in 437 patients. Cephalalgia. 1995;15:13–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Zebenholzer K, Wöber C, Kienbacher C, et al. Migrainous disorder and headache of the tension-type not fulfilling the criteria. a follow-up study in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:611–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kienbacher C, Wöber C, Zesch HE, et al. Clinical features, classification and prognosis of migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents: a long-term follow-up study. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:820–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bille B. A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:488–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Metsähonkala L, Sillanpää M, Tuominen J. Outcome of early school-age migraine. Cephalalgia. 1997;17:662–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Juang KD, et al. Evolution of migraine diagnoses in adolescents: a 3-year annual survey. Cephalalgia. 2005;25:333–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Karli N, Bican A, Zarifoğlu M. Course of adolescent headache: 4-year annual face-to-face follow-up study. J Headache Pain. 2010;11:327–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Özge A, Sasmaz T, Cakmak SE, et al. Epidemiological-based childhood headache natural history study: after an interval of six years. Cephalalgia. 2010;30:703–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. • Visudtibhan A, Thampratankul L, Khongkhatithum C, et al. Migraine in junior high-school students: A prospective 3-academic-year cohort study. Brain Dev. 2010;32:855–62. The strenght of this study from Thailand is the close follow-up with a total of five sessions and the low dropout rate.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. MacGregor EA. Classification of perimenstrual headache: clinical relevance. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16:452–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Lieba-Samal D, Wöber C, Frantal S, et al. Headache, menstruation and combined oral contraceptives: a diary study in 184 women with migraine. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:852–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lay CL, Broner SW. Adolescent issues in migraine: a focus on menstrual migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12:384–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Crawford MJ, Lehman L, Slater S, et al. Menstrual migraine in adolescents. Headache. 2009;49:341–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kröner-Herwig B, Vath N. Menarche in girls and headache–a longitudinal analysis. Headache. 2009;49:860–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Aegidius KL, Zwart JA, Hagen K, et al. Increased headache prevalence in female adolescents and adult women with early menarche. The Head-HUNT Studies. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:321–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

ᅟ

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Çiçek Wöber- Bingöl reported no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Çiçek Wöber-Bingöl

Authors
  1. Çiçek Wöber-Bingöl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Çiçek Wöber-Bingöl.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Childhood and Adolescent Headache

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wöber-Bingöl, Ç. Epidemiology of Migraine and Headache in Children and Adolescents. Curr Pain Headache Rep 17, 341 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-013-0341-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-013-0341-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation