Using socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines
BMJ 2003; 327 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7426.1283 (Published 27 November 2003) Cite this as: BMJ 2003;327:1283
- Rosemary Aldrich, executive officer (raldrich{at}mail.newcastle.edu.au)1,
- Lynn Kemp, senior research associate2,
- Jenny Stewart Williams, research officer1,
- Elizabeth Harris, director2,
- Sarah Simpson, research officer2,
- Amanda Wilson, research officer1,
- Katie McGill, research officer1,
- Julie Byles, director3,
- Julia Lowe, director of general medicine5,
- Terri Jackson, senior research fellow4
- 1Newcastle Institute of Public Health, PO Box 664J, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia
- 2Centre for Health Equity Training Research and Evaluation, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- 3Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, PO Box 664J, Newcastle NSW 2300, Australia,
- 4School of Public Health, LaTrobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia,
- 5John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Area Health Service, Locked Bag No 1, Hunter Region Mail Centre, NSW 2310, Australia
- Correspondence to: R Aldrich
- Accepted 8 September 2003
The effects of socioeconomic position on health have been largely ignored in clinical guidelines. Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council has produced a framework to ensure that they are taken into account
The effects of socioeconomic position on health are well established1 2 but difficult to overcome. This is because the underlying causes are embedded in social and economic structures at all levels of society.3 Access to health services, the ability to act on health advice, and the capacity to modify health risk factors are all influenced by the circumstances in which people live and work.4 Studies have also shown that those most needing care are least likely to receive it,5 6 and that the quality of care received by people with lower socioeconomic positions is different from those with higher positions.7 Despite this evidence, guidelines for clinical practice do not take the effects of socioeconomic position into account, although some guideline groups acknowledge the need to consider the relevance and applicability of the evidence to the target group.8
Role of guidelines
Guidelines need to recognise the problems associated with low socioeconomic position
Credit: STEVE RUBIN/THE IMAGE WORKS/TOPFOTO
Developers of guidelines for clinical practice attempt to identify, appraise, and collate the best evidence to ensure that the highest quality information is available for clinicians and patients. To date, clinical practice guidelines have been informed by clinical and, sometimes, economic evidence.9 10 The most robust evidence is considered to come from randomised controlled trials, but the results of suchtrials may not always be relevant and applicable to the needs of all groups in the population, particularly those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.
Clinical practice guidelines have the potential to increase health inequalities by improving the health of the relatively health advantaged more readily than that of the relatively disadvantaged. Recognising this gap, Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council commissioned a handbook to inform developers of guidelines about ways to access, review, and collate evidence on the effect of socioeconomic position and apply that evidence when developing guidelines for clinical practice.11
Developing the framework
Our process for developing the framework for using socioeconomic position and health evidence in clinical practice guidelines development is described fully in the handbook.11 Briefly, we used traditional search engine and listserv search and communication strategies to identify if and how evidence about socioeconomic position and health had been incorporated into guidelines. We located over 1700 published papers or guidelines or reports; 58 were considered relevant and critically reviewed. We also corresponded extensively with national andinternational experts in health equity and development of clinical guidelines.
We found no guidelines, models, or handbooks for guideline developers that were specifically concerned with the use of evidence on socioeconomic position in developing broad clinical guidelines.We did, however, identify two specific guidelines (one for New Zealand Maori with heart failure12 and the other for Australian Aboriginal patients with a spectrum of chronic diseases13)that included evidence about socioeconomic position and health. These guidelines included recommendations to be aware of access and cultural barriers to optimal care and evidence, where available, about strategies to overcome these barriers.
We recognised that in developing the framework it was crucial to attend to the following issues:
Problems of translating evidence based guidelines into practice and use of clinical judgment14
Non-representativeness of populations studied in randomised controlled trials15 16
Contribution of other types of evidence, including observational and qualitative studies17
Appropriateness of, and difficulties in, conducting randomised controlled trials in all aspects of health (particularly modifying psychosocial conditions, health behaviours, and prevention)18 19
Difficulty of developing and evaluating complex interventions in health services research within randomised trials.20
Framework
We developed a four step framework (figure) for developers of clinical practice guidelines by including an additional stage in Australia's established process for developing guidelines.9 The framework outlines the steps to be followed in accessing and applying evidence of socioeconomic position in the development of clinical practice guidelines. Box1 gives an example of its use.
Framework for including effects of socioeconomic position in guidelines
Step 1: Identify the health decision
The first step is to identify clearly the health decision that the guideline will concern and clarify the desired outcomes. These should include wellbeing and equity as well as mortality, morbidity, and survival. The decision may vary from individual management to treatment of whole communities and can refer to any part of care (prevention, diagnosis, primary care, secondary care, tertiary care) as well as psychosocial factors and health behaviours that may be affected by socioeconomic position.
Step 2: Search for evidence that socioeconomic position affects outcome
Once the health decision has been identified, a literature search is needed to identify the effect of socioeconomic position on the outcomes. As well as socioeconomic effects, the search shouldinclude the multiple factors (personal, behavioural, physiological, social, and environmental) that affect the capacity of individuals and population subgroups to comply with best practice.21 22 All studies with sufficient power to control for the effect of socioeconomic position should be reviewed. Evidence of an association between the markers of socioeconomic position and the health decisions may include factors at the physical, economic, or social environment levels (such as health service provision, transport, and housing infrastructure) and health determinants (such as education, employment, occupation, income, housing, and area of residence).2 23
Example of application of framework to New South Wales policy standards for cardiac rehabilitation
Step 1: Identify the health decision
Overweight and obese patients should be advised to optimise their body weight and increase physical activity
Step 2: Search for evidence of effect of socioeconomic position
Evidence from cross sectional studies shows that socioeconomic factors influence capacity to optimise weight and increase physical activity
Step 3: Search for interventions that reduce the effects of socioeconomic position
Social support and lifestyle advice have been shown to be more effective than lifestyle advice alone. Interventions should be low cost, scheduled at appropriate times, include assistance with transportation and childcare, and seek to promote general knowledge about health.
Step 4: Synthesise evidence to develop recommendations
Recommendation: Counselling for weight loss and increased physical activity should be conducted within a programme of social support and interventions to overcome the geographical, financial, social, or educational barriers that may affect the patient's capacity to gain maximum benefit
Step 3: Search for studies of interventions that reduce effect of socioeconomic inequity
Literature describing interventions that attempt to overcome barriers to achieving equal healthoutcomes is often scarce. When this is the case, the guidelines should apply the general principles of equitable service–that is, “everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full potential and… no-one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential, if it can be avoided.”24 Approaches include targeting interventions that take intoaccount the structural, material, economic, and environmental constraints experienced by population subgroups.2
Step 4: Use the evidence to produce guidelines
Once the evidence is gathered, the literature is analysed and synthesised to inform a set of recommendations or treatment options. Box 2 gives strategies that can be used if no evidence is available. When synthesising the evidence, developers of guidelines need to consider the representativeness of populations identified in the evidence and the interactions (including confounders and effect modifiers) between individual markers of socioeconomic position and health outcomes.
The future
The framework requires groups developing guidelines on clinical practice to analyse and synthesise a broader range of evidence than has been done in the past. Developers may have to learn how to identify and critically review evidence on socioeconomic position from peer reviewed and grey literature, including observational and qualitative studies. However, incorporation of such evidenceinto guidelines will ensure that decision making in health care becomes an informed process leading to more equal health outcomes.22
What to do when there is no evidence
Broaden the search terms
Repeat the search strategy with a similar disease
Repeat the search for different aspects of care of the same disease
I>Review different types of evidence–for example,non-intervention, observational, and qualitative studies
Review different sources of evidence–for example, grey literature
If no relevant information is found, base recommendations on generic principles thatpromote health equity
Summary points
Socioeconomic position is known to affect health outcomes and delivery of health care
Guidelines for clinical practice have not routinely incorporated evidence on the effect of socioeconomic position
A framework is described for using socioeconomic evidence in development of clinical practice guidelines
Routine use of the framework should contribute to more equitable health care
The authors of this paper were contracted by the National Health and Medical Research Council to draft the handbook Using socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines,published and launched in 2003. The framework for using socioeconomic evidence in clinical practice guidelines is reported here with the permission of the NHMRC. We thank the NHMRC for the opportunity to develop the framework and the many experts who contributed to the process
Footnotes
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Contributors and sources The authors have qualifications and experience in public health medicine, biostatistics, health economics, social science, journalism, nursing, psychology, epidemiology, and clinical medicine.
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Competing interests RA and TJ were members of the NHMRC Health Advisory Committee for the 2000-2003 triennium.